Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

central dogma of bio

A

DNA =>(transcription) RNA =>(Translation) Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequence that tells cell where to start making mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in what direction is RNA made

A

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

exons

A

e=expressed

are going to be made into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

introns

A

i=interspersed

not made into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

splicing

A

takes out introns and leaves the exons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pathway of posttranscriptional mRNA processing

A 
DNA template (3' - 5')
-transcription
Pre-mRNA (5'-3')
-cap and tail added
Processed pre-mRNA
-splicing
Spliced mRNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

relationship between exons and proteins

A

exons correspond to protein domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

start codon is always

A

AUG (MET)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the start codon

A

where the cell starts translation (starts polypeptide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

promoters

A

sequence of DNA that proteins bind to, to initiate transcription of 1 RNA from the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

silencers

A

a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors (repressors)

prevent genes from being expressed as proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

enhancers

A

short pieces of DNA that increase transcription of target genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

origins of replication

A

sequence where replication is initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

telomeres

A

the end of a chromosome (repetitive sequences of non-coding DNA that protect the chromosome from damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

centromeres

A

what separates into short and long arm during cell division, holds together the sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA - read codons on RNA & mRNA and deliver the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome for protein sythesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

snRNA

A

processes pre-mRNA in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

noncoding DNA

A

used to be called “junk DNA”, but now scientists are finding out that noncoding DNA does have function

codes for things like regulatory regions, origins of rep, chromosomal structures and transcriptions of RNA mols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

can you change the amount of gene product and why?

A

yes for example, in a stressed environment, more gene products will be created more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which regulatory region of DNA sequence do you hypothesize that genes that control the same processes have in common?

A

promoters, because they are all responding to the same promotion signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)

A

the most common type of genetic variation among people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does each SNP represent

A

a difference in a single nucleotide change in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how often do SNPs occur

A

occur once in very 300 nucleotides, roughly 10 million SNPs in the human genome

26
Q

alternative splicing

A

enables an mRNA to directly synthesize defferent protein variants (this is why worms and humans are different)

27
Q

what things can mutations effect

A
  • promoter/enhancer/inhibitor sequences
  • termination signals
  • splice donor and acceptor sites
  • ribosome binding sites
  • also effects noncoding regions
28
Q

point mutations or base substituation

A

change from one base pair to another

29
Q

missense mutation

A

results in new triplet code for different amino acid

30
Q

nonsense mutation

A

results in triplet code for stop codon (translation terminated prematurely)

31
Q

silent mutation

A

new triplet code still codes for same amino acid

32
Q

base subs - transitions

A

pyrimidine replaces pyrimidine or purine replaces purine

33
Q

base subs - transversions

A

purine and pyrimidine are interchanged

34
Q

frameshift mutations

A
  • result from insertions or deletions of base pairs
  • loss or addition of nucleotide causes shift in reading frame
  • frame of triplet reading during translation is altered

ex)
UAG AAA
GAA

35
Q

loss of function mutation

A

reduces/eliminates function of gene product

36
Q

null mutation

A

results in complete loss of function

37
Q

dominant mutation

A

results in mutant phenotype in diploid organism

38
Q

dominant gain of function mutation

A

results in gene with enhanced negative, or new function

39
Q

haploinsufficiency

A

a situation where the total level of a gene product produced by the cell is about half of the normal level, which is not sufficient for the cell to function normally

40
Q

dominant-negative

A

a mutation resulting in a gene product that can interfere with the function of the normal gene product in heterozygotes

41
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

changes on nucleotide sequence that occur naturally

42
Q

how do spontaneous mutations arise

A

from normal biological or chemical processes that alter nitrogenous bases

43
Q

spontaneous mutation rates

A

vary, but are exceedingly low for all organisms

44
Q

induced mutations result from…

A
  • extraneous factors (natural or artificial)
  • radiation
  • UV light
  • natural and synthetic chemicals
45
Q

what do mutations arise from

A

replication

46
Q

why do mutations arise from replication

A
  • replication is imperfect
  • DNA polymerase occasionally
  • misincorporated nucleotides persist after proofreading
  • errors due to mispairing predominantly lead to point mutations
47
Q

mutagens

A

-natural or artificial agents that induce mutations

48
Q

examples of mutagens

A
  • fungal toxins
  • cosmic rays
  • ultraviolet light
  • industrial pollutants
  • medical x-rays
  • chemicals in tobacco smoke
49
Q

what do repair systems counteract

A

spontaneous and induced DNA damage

counteract genetic damage that would result in genetic diseases and cancer

50
Q

DNA repair system

A

maintains the integrity of genetic material

51
Q

mutations in what gene cause cystic fibrosis

A

CFTR

52
Q

what mutation class does the CFTR mutation belong to

A

loss of function

53
Q

what gene codes for the lactase enzyme

A

LCT

54
Q

individuals who can digest lactose have…

A

a mutation in the LCT regulatory element that leads to sustained lactose production in the small intestine and the ability to digest lactose throughout life

55
Q

mutations in what gene cause sickle cell disease

A

HBB gene

56
Q

loss of function

A

the altered gene product lacks the molecular function of the normally functioning gene

57
Q

reduction of function

A

reduces the normal function

58
Q

dominant negative

A

a mutation whose product negatively effects the normal wild type gene product within the same cell

59
Q

gain of function

A

more function to the wild type

60
Q

dominant gain of function

A

mutation in which the altered gene product has a new molecular function or new pattern of gene ecpression

Genetics (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions