topic 2b- states of consciousness

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 2

biological rhythms

Answer 2

the natural cycle of change in our body’s chemicals or functions

Question 3

circadian rhythm

Answer 3

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Question 4

REM sleep

Answer 4

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Question 5

alpha waves

Answer 5

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Question 6

sleep

Answer 6

periodic, natural loss of consciousness– as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Question 7

hallucinations

Answer 7

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Question 8

delta waves

Answer 8

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 9

insomnia

Answer 9

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 10

narcolepsy

Answer 10

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Question 11

sleep apnea

Answer 11

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 12

night terrors

Answer 12

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered

Question 13

dream

Answer 13

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. ___ are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

Question 14

manifest content

Answer 14

the story line of a dream

Question 15

latent content

Answer 15

the meaning of a dream

Question 16

REM rebound

Answer 16

the tendencry for REM sleep to increase following rEM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Question 17

hypnosis

Answer 17

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Question 18

posthypnotic suggestions

Answer 18

a suggestion made to a person during hypnosis that he or she acts out the hypnotic trance.

Question 19

dissociation

Answer 19

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Question 20

psychoactive drug

Answer 20

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Question 21

tolerance

Answer 21

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger does before experiencing the drug’s effect

Question 22

withdrawal

Answer 22

the combination of physical and mental effects a person experiences after they stop or reduce their use of the substance

Question 23

physical dependence

Answer 23

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is disscontinues

Question 24

psychological dependence

Answer 24

a psychological need to use a drug, such as relieve negative emotion

Question 25

addiction

Answer 25

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

Question 26

depressants

Answer 26

drug (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Question 27

barbiturates

Answer 27

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Question 28

opiates

Answer 28

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 29

stimulants

Answer 29

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 30

amphetamines

Answer 30

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 31

methamphetamines

Answer 31

mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)

Question 32

ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 32

produces euphoric high and can damage serotonin producing neurons which leads to permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory

Question 33

hallucinogens

Answer 33

psychedelic (“mind manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 34

LSD

Answer 34

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Question 35

THC

Answer 35

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Question 36

near-death experience

Answer 36

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Question 37

dualism

Answer 37

the position that reality consists of two separate substances

Question 38

monism

Answer 38

the position that reality consists of a single substance, whether this is identified as mind (idealistic monism), matter (natural monism), or god (patheism)