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Biology B A-level > Topic 2.2.3 Biology > Flashcards

Topic 2.2.3 Biology Flashcards

Controlling viral infections

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

generally, how does viral disease spread

A

material carrying viruses from an infected organism comes into contact with vulnerable tissues in another uninfected organism

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2
Q

which organisms does Foot-and-mouth disease affect

A

clove-hoofed animals such as cattle

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3
Q

what are the symptoms of Foot-and-mouth disease

A

severely weakens adult animals and kills many young aimals

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4
Q

how does Foot-and-mouth disease spread

A
  • by body secretions (milk and semen)
  • transmitted in the breath and faeces of infected animals
  • by contact of contaminated pens, food, water and direct contact
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5
Q

what virus causes Ebola

A

the Ebola virus

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6
Q

which organisms does Ebola affect

A

animals

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7
Q

what are the symptoms of Ebola

A
  • high fever
  • severe headache
  • muscle pain
  • vomiting and diarrhea
  • unexpected bruising or bleeding
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8
Q

how does the Ebola virus spread

A
  • through faeces, urine, blood and meat
  • by direct contact of the skin with blood, faeces or other body secretions
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9
Q

how do antibiotics treat bacteria

A

they target essential processes like cell wall formation, protein synthesis, or DNA replication, which either kills the bacteria or stops their growth.

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10
Q

how are viruses treater

A
  • not by antibiotics, because they are non-living
  • antiviral treatments target virus replication
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11
Q

Describe 3 ways how antiviral treatments treat viruses

A
  • target the receptors
  • target the enzymes that help to translate the viral DNA/RNA
  • inhibit the protease enzymes
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12
Q

state 2 ways to prevent viral disease

A
  • destroy and burn the infected
  • develop tests to identify the infected
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13
Q

what does mortality depend of a disease

A
  • strain of the virus
  • health of the infected person
  • speed with which they get health care
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14
Q

what was the average mortality rate with ebola

A

50%

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15
Q

what does it mean to become vaccinated

A

you become immune to the disease and os will not become infected

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16
Q

who gets vaccinated first

A

health care workers, the very young and the elderly

17
Q

what is an epidemic

A

when levels of people with the disease are much higher than expected over a given period of time

18
Q

Give 5 ways of controlling the spread of a disease

A
  • rapid identification of disease
  • nursing in isolation
  • preventing transmission from one individual to another
  • sterilising equipment and bedding after use
  • the wearing of protective clothing by health workers
19
Q

What are the 6 stages of developing a new medicine

A
  1. Early phase research
  2. Preclinical testing
  3. Clinical trials
  4. Regulatory review
  5. Scale up to manufacturing
  6. Post market surveillance
20
Q

which phases of the stages of developing a new medicine takes the longest

A

Early phase research & Clinical phase

21
Q

which phases of the stages of developing a new medicine costs the most

A

Early phase research

22
Q

which disease caused a global pandemic in 2006

A

bird flu

23
Q

how were strains against the bird flu discovered so quickly

A

scientists used existing techniques and technology for producing annual flu vaccines

24
Q

what were the concerns against the vaccines Tamiflu and Relenza for bird flu

A

there was incomplete data about their effectiveness

25
Q

when was the first case of Ebola

A

late 2013 in West Africa

26
Q

when was Ebola recognised

A

mid-2014

27
Q

what were the 2 potential treatments against Ebola

A

ZMapp and vaccines

28
Q

how is Zmapp made

A

genetically modified tobacco plants to produce 3 antibodies

29
Q

how was Zmapp tested

A

Tiny amounts of drugged were used on 7 people including Africans, Americans, Spanish and British health care workers

30
Q

by how much did the mortality rate decrease by the drug Zmapp against Ebola

A

40 %

31
Q

Give 3 points which state that the process of developing the ZMapp drug was ethical

A
  • the people had a choice to get the vaccines or not
  • there were no other treatments discovered
  • the drug reduced mortality rate by 40%
32
Q

Give 3 points which state that the process of developing the ZMapp drug was not ethical

A
  • the drugs did not have full human trial
  • consent was not sufficient as the patients answer may have been affected by desperation
  • the patient may not have fully understood the risks of taking the drug and how it works

Biology B A-level (4 decks)

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