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Biology A Level 1 > Topic 2.1 - DNA and RNA structure > Flashcards

Topic 2.1 - DNA and RNA structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What pentose sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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2
Q

What 3 components are nucleotides made of?

A

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar and an organic base

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3
Q

What organic bases are in DNA?

A

A (adenine) T (thymine) C (cytosine) G (guanine)

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4
Q

What pentose sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

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5
Q

What organic bases are found in RNA?

A

A (adenine) U (uracil) C (cytosine) G (guanine)

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6
Q

Which reaction joins nucleotides together?

What molecule does it remove?

A

Condensation reactions

Water

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7
Q

What bond is formed between nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

What does an organic base consist of?

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen

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9
Q

What 3 types of RNA are there?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)

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10
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

2 (double)

double helix

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11
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

1 (single)

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12
Q

What type of bond forms between complimentary organic bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

How many bases code for 1 amino acid?

A

3 (triple code)

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14
Q

What two types of alleles are there?

A

Dominant and recessive

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15
Q

Who was the man that named the alleles through pea plant experiments?

A

Gregor Mendel

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16
Q

What does DNA occur in?

A

Long lengths of chromosomes

17
Q

What do chromosomes consist of?

A

Genes

18
Q

What organic bases are complimentary to one another?

A

A - T
A - U
G - C

19
Q

What is the purpose of RNA?

A

allowing the genetic code to be copied/transferring genetic information for protein synthesis

20
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

Holding genetic information

Cell division

21
Q

How is the double helix formed?

A

The uprights of the phosphate and deoxyribose wind round one another (sugar-phosphate backbone). Organic bases comprise rungs (bridges).

Within the double helix, they run anti-parallel to each other.

22
Q

Explain what makes the DNA a stable molecule.

in detail, not just two points

A
  • hydrogen bonds (3 between G and C, 2 between A and T)
  • such hydrogen bonds connect the two strands of the double helix together
  • if there are more G and C pairs in DNA molecule, it is more stable as the h bonds contribute towards overall stability and strength
  • phosphodiester bonded backbone protect reactive organic bases in helix
  • interactive forces between base pairs that hold molecule together
23
Q

Name the man who conducted the experiment on mice with 2 strains of pneumococcus bacteria

A

Frederick Griffiths

24
Q

How are nucleotides arranged in the double helix?

A

Numbering of carbon atoms in deoxyribose sugar (3’ and 5’)

  • one strand runs 5’-3’ but the other runs 3’-5’ (anti-parallel)
  • 5’ carbon has phosphate group attached
  • 3’ carbon has hydroxyl group attached
25
Q

What is the structure of mRNA (messenger RNA) and how is it made?

A

It is a long, single stranded molecule that’s formed into a helix.

It is manufactured, in the nucleus, during transcription of a strand of DNA.

26
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

It carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore.

27
Q

What is the structure of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?

A

It is found in the cytoplasm and is a large, complex molecule made up of both double and single helices.

28
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes

29
Q

What is the structure of tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

Small single-stranded molecule that forms a clover leaf shape.

  • One end of the chain ends in a cytosine-cytosine-adenine sequence at which point the amino acid it is carrying attaches itself.
  • The other end of the chain is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon.
30
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

transport amino acids to the ribosome so proteins can be synthesised

31
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

The ribosomes

32
Q

List the order in how proteins are synthesised.

A 
Triplet codes in a gene
- Pre-mRNA 
  - mRNA
    - sequence of amino acids made by ribosomes 
      (tRNA and rRNA)
      - Protein

Biology A Level 1 (11 decks)

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