Topic 2 - what is the nature, nurture debate?

Question 1

Introduction?

Answer 1

The debate over whether genetics or upbringing influences behavior has been ongoing. While biologists and psychologists emphasize genetics, sociologists acknowledge its role but argue that social factors are more influential.

Question 2

Nativism?

Answer 2

Nativism posits that many physical and personality traits are inherited, with certain genetic conditions linked to specific behaviors (e.g., Williams syndrome and social ability). Nativists argue that social characteristics evolved, leading to controversial views, such as the belief that women are predisposed to domestic roles while men are naturally aggressive. These arguments have been criticized for justifying the oppression of women and promoting racist ideologies.

Question 3

Nature theories?

Answer 3

These theories, while less extreme than nativism, suggest that human behavior is significantly influenced by biology. Expressions like “boys will be boys” reflect this view, which aligns with evolutionary theories and posits that instincts drive behavior through inherited patterns. Some psychologists argue that traits like intelligence are largely inherited, but this perspective weakens when considering that intelligent parents may raise their children in ways that nurture similar traits.

Question 4

Biological imperatives?

Answer 4

Biological imperatives are essential actions for survival and reproduction, such as eating and sleeping. Nature theories argue that humans are governed by these imperatives, suggesting they lack free will and cannot choose their actions.

Question 5

Nurture theory?

Answer 5

The nurture perspective posits that society and culture take precedence over genetics and instincts in shaping human behavior. While biological factors influence some actions, social expectations dictate how and where behaviors occur, such as eating practices that vary across cultures. For instance, South Koreans and Hawaiians have historically bred dogs for consumption. Thus, sociology emphasizes that cultural imperatives, learned through socialization, override biological influences, supporting the nurture theory.

Question 6

Feral children?

Answer 6

Feral children, who have been deprived of socialization, provide strong evidence for the nurture argument. Despite nature theory suggesting that instinct should guide their behavior, many feral children show significant developmental damage, failing to acquire language and not adhering to cultural norms. This highlights the critical role of socialization in human development.