Topic 2 The Skeleton, Joints and Movement Flashcards
*BASIC* Skeleton, Joints and Movement
what are the four primary tissue types in the human body?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
what is EPITHELIAL TISSUE ?
This type of tissue lines (covers and protects) all our outside and inside cavities and surfaces. Epithelia vary in number of layers and cell structure. Epithelia function as a protective barrier to foreign antigens and abrasion as well as allowing diffusion of nutrients, absorption and secretion of substances in our bodies
what is muscle tissue?
muscle tissue is a highly specialized tissue (IT IS NOT a connective tissue), they dont usually attach to bone, they assint in joint stability, create types of stress that allow your bones to grow to their full potential, reddish colour, good blood supply, unique ability to shorten and lengthen under load, When muscles ‘pull’ they act through their tendinous insertions to move two bones together, generating movement in the body’s joints and limbs.
what are the four types of connective tissue?
Bone - ligaments - tendons - cartilage
what does connective tissue do?
it is tissue that joinsone body component to another.
how does bone act as a connective tissue?
• Bone is actually one type of connective tissue (called supportive connective tissue). Other
what do ligaments do? (ligma)
join bone-to-bone, acting like a ‘hinge’ for the joint. Think of ligaments as strong wire or cables that are not very elastic. Their role is to provide joint stability. Usually they are a very whitish colour as they have a reduced blood supply
what do tendons do?
join muscle to bone. Tendons allow muscles to act upon a bone when the muscle action contracts to shorten (concentric) or lengthen (eccentric). Tendons are more ‘elastic’ than ligaments to absorb and store energy. Usually a cream colour, as they have a better blood supply than ligaments, but not as much as muscle.
what does cartilage do?
protects joint surfaces, and some types produce lubricating fluid etc.
what are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?
- Connective tissue (CT) proper (adipose and reticular tissues, ligaments and tendons)
- Supporting CT: (bone and cartilage)
• Fluid CT: (blood and bone marrow)
how many bones are there in the adult human skeleton?
206
what is the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton is made up of the “core” bones of the body: Skull, spine and ribs
what is the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton is made up of the ‘appendages’ that connect to the axial skeleton. It is made up of the arms and legs as well as the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and pelvic girdle
what are the major bones of the skeleton?
anatomical term slang name Clavicle Collar bone Scapula Shoulder blade Sternum Breast bone Tibia Shin bone Femur Thigh bone Patella Kneecap
what are the 6 main skull bones? (Flower POT)
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal bones
maxilla and mandible
how many of each of the 6 skull bones are there?(frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal bones)
1 frontal, 2 parietal, 1 occipital, 2 temporal, 1 maxilla, 1 mandible
what type of bones are the bones of the spine?
irregular bones
what are the 3 areas that the spine is broken down into? (from top to bottom)
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
what are the names of the top two vertabrae? (in order of top to bottom)
atlas/ C1
Axis/C2
how many cervical bones are there?
7, C1-C7
how many thoracic bones are there?
12, T1-T12
how many lumbar bones are there?
5, L1-L5
What is found at the most inferior part of the spine?
Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae.
Coccyx – most inferior – 4 to 5 bones (slightly moveable!).
what are the 2 types of curveatures found along the spine?
lordosis (lordotic curvature)
kyphosis (kyphotic curvature)
what type of curve does the thoracic part of the spine feature?
kyphosis
what type of curve does the lumbar part of the spine feature?
lordois
what type of curve does the cervical part of the spine feature?
lordois
hands are composed of what? (bones)
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
feet are composed of what? (bones)
Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges.
how many phalanges are found in the big toes and thumbs?
2
what are 3 of the main joints found in human bodies?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints
what is another word for joints?
articulations
what are 3 common type of synovial joints?
hinge joint , ball and socket joint, saddle joint
describe a hinge joint?
Two bones that are held together by ligaments to form the hinge Like a door hinge opening and closing, usually allows movement in one plane only from the anatomical position (i.e. total of two (2) movements) Elbow flexion/extension
Knee flexion/extension
describe a saddle joint?
As name suggests- like a saddle upside down on top of a curved bone
Almost as versatile as a ball and socket but not as mobile can move in more than one (1 ) plane Capable of flexion extension ab/adduction and “opposition” e.g. the base of the thumb
describe a ball & socket joint?
As the name suggests, the ball of one bone fits into the socket made by another bone.
Like a constant-velocity joint (CV) or a universal joint in the driveshaft of a car. Allows movement in all planes of movement (seven(7) movements) The shoulder and hip joints
They are both capable of:
• Flexion or extension
• Adduction or abduction
• Internal & external rotation
• Circumduction (a combination of all of the above movements at the same time, e.g. arm circles)
what makes the synovial joint unique?
They have a capsule that encases the joint and contains synovial fluid, This fluid acts as a lubricant for the joint to reduce friction between the two bones moving. Physical pressure from the bones assists our synovial membrane to produce this fluid. The synovial membrane does not cover the articular cartilage,
what is a bursa?
A bursa is a sack of fluid that runs between muscle and bone, or tendon and bone to reduce friction.
what does ‘itis’ mean?
. Adding ‘itis’ to the end of a body part means that body part is inflamed.
how many classes of lever systems are in the human body?
3
what are the components of a lever?
fulcrum, load, effort
whats the mnemonic for remembering what component is in the middle of the lever?
F,L,E,1,2,3 (F is middle comp… of class 1 lever, L is middle comp… of class 2 lever and E is middle comp… of class 3 lever)
give an example of a class 1 lever in the body?
traps muscle acting over the skull to keep your hed level or to look up
what is the middle component in a class 1 lever system?
fulcrum
what is the middle component in a class 2 lever system?
load
what is the middle component in a class 3 lever system?
effort
give an example of a class 2 lever in the body?
heel raises
give an example of a class 3 lever in the body?
bicep curls
what is an Enthesis?
the connective tissue between bone and tendon/ligament
what is a Epiphyseal?
end section of a bone
what does Articular cartilage do?
It allows the bones to glide over each other with very little friction.
