Topic 2 Research And Processimg Of Scientific Information

Question 1

Before any research project that must be a…

Answer 1

thorough knowledge of previous research findings
-> Even if the researcher formulates a basic idea, reviews of past studies will whelp the researched to clarify the idea and design the study

Question 2

What is a literature review?

Answer 2

a SURVEY of SCHOLARLY SOURCES on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research

Question 3

What kind of knowledge do I find in specific places

Answer 3

Google = general information

For: Books or chapters, Thesis, Literature Reviews, Empirical Research articles, Theory Articles
-> Cochrane
-> Google Scholar
-> PubMed
-> Scopus
-> Web of Science (Wos/)
-> American Psychological Association (PsycINFO)

Question 4

Steps for a good literature review

Answer 4

1) Define the OBJECTIVE
2) Define the SEARCH STATEMENT
3) Select WHERE you are going to CONDUCT your search
4) Define the SEARCH STRATEGY
-> DESCRIPTORS (terms)
-> Boolean operators (and, or, not)
-> Truncators (*, ?, “”)
5) Execution of the search and review of the results

Question 5

BOOLEAN OPERATOR - AND

Answer 5

Retrieves items that contains both terms
-> Narrowing or focusing search topic
violence AND PTSD

lower amount of results

Question 6

BOOLEAN OPERATOR - OR

Answer 6

Retrieves items that contain either term
-> Expanding or broadening a search topic. -> Either search terms can be present in the results

violence OR PTSD

Question 7

BOOLEAN OPERATOR - NOT

Answer 7

Retrieves items that contain only that contain only one term
-> To eliminate false hits
violence NOT PTSD

Question 8

Searching scientific article with key words

Answer 8

Truncation * ($, “”)
-> every term that begins with this letters and its variants => interact* (most results 659,743)

Quotation marks “”
-> exact word => “global warming” (332,328 results) “global” (15 results)

Wildcard ?
-> Used in the middle of a word to retrieve variants => wom?n

Nesting or parentheses ()
-> Alternative to a database’s advanced search. To conduct complex searches combining boolean => (adolescent OR teenager) AND “eating disorder”

Question 9

What do scientifically relevant literature in a source consist of?

Answer 9

-> last studies in field
-> ESTABLISHED schools of thoughts
->scholarly articles
-> scientific journals

the most promising papers to read are often those referenced in the relevant papers you have already found -> look in fields outside your discipline

Question 10

What are the three pillars of science

Answer 10

KNOWLEDGE -> Communal collection of knowledge

METHOD -> a method of evaluating the efficacy of scientific theories by comparing the predictions of those theories to observation/experiment

ATTITUDE ->An attitude of skeptical inquiry and the belief that all scientific knowledge is provisional and subject to revision when confronted with new evidence

Question 11

The scientific question

Answer 11

-> a q that may lead to a hypothesis and allow the answering through observation or experimentation
-> good q’s should have answers, be testable, lead to hypothesis that is falsifiable

Question 12

When asking questions of science what are three that should always be looked at generally

Answer 12

-> what is the state of the art?
-> what gaps remain in the literature?
-> what are the areas that still need to be addressed>

Question 13

Principle A BaN

Answer 13

Beneficence and Nonmalefience
-> P’s strive to BENEFIT those that they work with and be careful not to harm them

Question 14

Principle B FaR

Answer 14

Fidelity and Responsiblity
-> P’s establish relationships of TRUST w/ those w/ whom they work

Question 15

Principle C I

Answer 15

Integrity
-> P’s seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology

Question 16

Principle D J

Answer 16

-> P’s recogiese that fairness and justice entitle all ppl access to and benefit from the contribution of psychology

Question 17

Principle E

Answer 17

Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Question 18

What is a Construct in Psychology

Answer 18

Psychological variables that are not obvious
-> personality traits
-> emotional states
-> attitudes
-> abilities
-> are not observable, they are internal process

Construct = burnout
Beh. to measure constuct = score on the Self-reported Burnout Index

Question 19

Reliability

Answer 19

-> Refers to the consistency of a measure
-> In general, a measure of behavior is said to be reliable it its results are repeatable when the behaviors are remeasured
-> No beh measure is perfectly reliable

Question 20

Types of reliability

Answer 20

test-retest reliability
-> consistent measures for a construct across time

Internal consistency
-> Consistency of people’s responses across items on a multiple-item measure

Interrater reliability
-> Different observers are consistent in their judgements

Question 21

Validity

Answer 21

-> beh measure SAID to be valid IF it measures what it has been intentionally designed to measure
-> There are different type of validity
CV, FV, CRV, DV

Question 22

type of validity

Answer 22

Content validity
-> Does the measure cover the construct of interest?

Face validity
-> Face vailidt is the extent to which as measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct on interest

Criterion validity
-> Are scored correlated with other variables that one would expect they would be correlated with

Discriminant validity
-> the extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct

Question 23

Reliability + Validity

Answer 23

reliability : it enables to have ENOUGH CONFIDENCE to say that the measures close to the true measure
validity: knowing that the measure ACTUALLY MEASURES what is is SUPPOSED to measure, and not something else

Question 24

What is the reliability of Phrenology

Answer 24

Measure of the skull where HIGHLY RELIABLE
-> the distance between a point 2 inches above left ear and 2 inches above the right ear will not change if measured in separate occasions

BUT IT IS INVALID due to its assumption the this area is the INDICATION of the faculty of destructiveness

Question 25

What are variables?

Answer 25

a CONDITION IN AN EXPERIMENT or characteristic of an entity, person, or object that can take on different categories, levels, or VALUES and that can be QUANTIFIED

Empirical (observational) plane -> v is aspect we are interested in studying in research, it takes on different values or categories
Theoretical (abstract) plane -> V is a the measurable form of a construct

Question 26

Identification of variables

Answer 26

clearly and precisely define what is meant by a certain variable and each of its values

MEASURE -> Process by which number are assigned to the different values of a variable

Variable: satisfied
measure: how satisfied are you with ….
purchase - 1very unsatisfied, 2unsatisified, 3neutral, 4satisified, 5very satisfied

Question 27

TYPES of variables

Answer 27

CATEGORIAL
qualitative
- nominal (unordered categories) male
- ordinal (ordered categories) first

NUMERICAL
quantitative
- discrete (whole numerical values such as counts) no. of children
- continuous (can take any value at any point within a range) height

Question 28

above qualitative and quantitative variables there are

Answer 28

INDEPENDENT, DEPENDENT, EXTERNAL VARIBALES

-> 3rd variable introduces alternative explanations that reduce the overall validity of a study

Question 29

FORMULATING OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS

Answer 29

objectives: PURPOSE of the research study - a matter of specifying what we expect to check
hypothesis: PREDICTION OF outcome or provisional answer to the research question - what we think will happen

guide research to by suggesting the steps and procedures (design)

Question 30

Type of research design

Answer 30

-> DESCRIPTIVE
V occurs naturally or spontaneously without manipulation by the reseacher
describe-quantify-know-identify-classify
-> ANALYTICAL/EXPLANATORY/CORRELATIONAL
studying the relationship between v
analyse - check - compare - confirm - contrast
-> EXPERIMENTAL/PREDICTIVE
the independent variable is manipulated, controlled or administer by the researcher