Topic 2 Research And Processimg Of Scientific Information Flashcards
Before any research project that must be a…
thorough knowledge of previous research findings
-> Even if the researcher formulates a basic idea, reviews of past studies will whelp the researched to clarify the idea and design the study
What is a literature review?
a SURVEY of SCHOLARLY SOURCES on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research
What kind of knowledge do I find in specific places
Google = general information
For: Books or chapters, Thesis, Literature Reviews, Empirical Research articles, Theory Articles
-> Cochrane
-> Google Scholar
-> PubMed
-> Scopus
-> Web of Science (Wos/)
-> American Psychological Association (PsycINFO)
Steps for a good literature review
1) Define the OBJECTIVE
2) Define the SEARCH STATEMENT
3) Select WHERE you are going to CONDUCT your search
4) Define the SEARCH STRATEGY
-> DESCRIPTORS (terms)
-> Boolean operators (and, or, not)
-> Truncators (*, ?, “”)
5) Execution of the search and review of the results
BOOLEAN OPERATOR - AND
Retrieves items that contains both terms
-> Narrowing or focusing search topic
violence AND PTSD
lower amount of results
BOOLEAN OPERATOR - OR
Retrieves items that contain either term
-> Expanding or broadening a search topic. -> Either search terms can be present in the results
violence OR PTSD
BOOLEAN OPERATOR - NOT
Retrieves items that contain only that contain only one term
-> To eliminate false hits
violence NOT PTSD
Searching scientific article with key words
Truncation * ($, “”)
-> every term that begins with this letters and its variants => interact* (most results 659,743)
Quotation marks “”
-> exact word => “global warming” (332,328 results) “global” (15 results)
Wildcard ?
-> Used in the middle of a word to retrieve variants => wom?n
Nesting or parentheses ()
-> Alternative to a database’s advanced search. To conduct complex searches combining boolean => (adolescent OR teenager) AND “eating disorder”
What do scientifically relevant literature in a source consist of?
-> last studies in field
-> ESTABLISHED schools of thoughts
->scholarly articles
-> scientific journals
the most promising papers to read are often those referenced in the relevant papers you have already found -> look in fields outside your discipline
What are the three pillars of science
KNOWLEDGE -> Communal collection of knowledge
METHOD -> a method of evaluating the efficacy of scientific theories by comparing the predictions of those theories to observation/experiment
ATTITUDE ->An attitude of skeptical inquiry and the belief that all scientific knowledge is provisional and subject to revision when confronted with new evidence
The scientific question
-> a q that may lead to a hypothesis and allow the answering through observation or experimentation
-> good q’s should have answers, be testable, lead to hypothesis that is falsifiable
When asking questions of science what are three that should always be looked at generally
-> what is the state of the art?
-> what gaps remain in the literature?
-> what are the areas that still need to be addressed>
Principle A BaN
Beneficence and Nonmalefience
-> P’s strive to BENEFIT those that they work with and be careful not to harm them
Principle B FaR
Fidelity and Responsiblity
-> P’s establish relationships of TRUST w/ those w/ whom they work
Principle C I
Integrity
-> P’s seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology
Principle D J
-> P’s recogiese that fairness and justice entitle all ppl access to and benefit from the contribution of psychology
Principle E
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
What is a Construct in Psychology
Psychological variables that are not obvious
-> personality traits
-> emotional states
-> attitudes
-> abilities
-> are not observable, they are internal process
Construct = burnout
Beh. to measure constuct = score on the Self-reported Burnout Index
Reliability
-> Refers to the consistency of a measure
-> In general, a measure of behavior is said to be reliable it its results are repeatable when the behaviors are remeasured
-> No beh measure is perfectly reliable
Types of reliability
test-retest reliability
-> consistent measures for a construct across time
Internal consistency
-> Consistency of people’s responses across items on a multiple-item measure
Interrater reliability
-> Different observers are consistent in their judgements
Validity
-> beh measure SAID to be valid IF it measures what it has been intentionally designed to measure
-> There are different type of validity
CV, FV, CRV, DV
type of validity
Content validity
-> Does the measure cover the construct of interest?
Face validity
-> Face vailidt is the extent to which as measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct on interest
Criterion validity
-> Are scored correlated with other variables that one would expect they would be correlated with
Discriminant validity
-> the extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct
Reliability + Validity
reliability : it enables to have ENOUGH CONFIDENCE to say that the measures close to the true measure
validity: knowing that the measure ACTUALLY MEASURES what is is SUPPOSED to measure, and not something else
What is the reliability of Phrenology
Measure of the skull where HIGHLY RELIABLE
-> the distance between a point 2 inches above left ear and 2 inches above the right ear will not change if measured in separate occasions
BUT IT IS INVALID due to its assumption the this area is the INDICATION of the faculty of destructiveness
What are variables?
a CONDITION IN AN EXPERIMENT or characteristic of an entity, person, or object that can take on different categories, levels, or VALUES and that can be QUANTIFIED
Empirical (observational) plane -> v is aspect we are interested in studying in research, it takes on different values or categories
Theoretical (abstract) plane -> V is a the measurable form of a construct
Identification of variables
clearly and precisely define what is meant by a certain variable and each of its values
MEASURE -> Process by which number are assigned to the different values of a variable
Variable: satisfied
measure: how satisfied are you with ….
purchase - 1very unsatisfied, 2unsatisified, 3neutral, 4satisified, 5very satisfied
TYPES of variables
CATEGORIAL
qualitative
- nominal (unordered categories) male
- ordinal (ordered categories) first
NUMERICAL
quantitative
- discrete (whole numerical values such as counts) no. of children
- continuous (can take any value at any point within a range) height
above qualitative and quantitative variables there are
INDEPENDENT, DEPENDENT, EXTERNAL VARIBALES
-> 3rd variable introduces alternative explanations that reduce the overall validity of a study
FORMULATING OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS
objectives: PURPOSE of the research study - a matter of specifying what we expect to check
hypothesis: PREDICTION OF outcome or provisional answer to the research question - what we think will happen
guide research to by suggesting the steps and procedures (design)
Type of research design
-> DESCRIPTIVE
V occurs naturally or spontaneously without manipulation by the reseacher
describe-quantify-know-identify-classify
-> ANALYTICAL/EXPLANATORY/CORRELATIONAL
studying the relationship between v
analyse - check - compare - confirm - contrast
-> EXPERIMENTAL/PREDICTIVE
the independent variable is manipulated, controlled or administer by the researcher
