Topic 2 Plants: Bryophytes and Tracheophytes

Question 1

• Nonvascular plants (mosses, hornworts, liverworts) therefore are small and short
• Found in moist habitats
• Grow horizontally to remain close to water and nutrients
• Contain rhizoids (hair-like projections) which aid in water absorption and minor anchorage
• Majority of their life cycle is spent in the gametophyte stage
• Have a reduced sporophyte which depends on and is attached to the gametophyte

Answer 1

Bryophytes

Question 2

• Vascular (contain xylem and phloem), allowing them to grow vertically and tall
• Have a root system for anchorage
• Most of the life cycle is spent in the sporophyte stage

Answer 2

Tracheophytes

Question 3

• Lycophytes and pterophytes, e.g. club moss, quillworts, fern, horsetail
• Mostly heterosporous with flagellated sperm (can move on their own)
• Have independent gametophyte and sporophyte life cycles

Answer 3

1. Seedless tracheophytes

Question 4

• All heterosporous

Answer 4

2. Seed-bearing

Question 5

• The first seeded plants
• Seed not protected
• Conifers such as firs, spruce, pine, redwood
• Sperm not-flagellated and is dispersed by wind or animals often as pollen
• Can exhibit double fertilization (female gamete fertilized by 2 male sperm)

Answer 5

a. Gymnosperms