Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

principals of animal healthcare and diseases > topic 2: pathology > Flashcards

topic 2: pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different types of pathogen

A

bacteria
fungi
yeast
parasites
virus
protozoa
prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the (special) structures of a bac

A

-capsule
-plasmids
-pilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the function of pilus

A

(its a hair life structure)

function: help in adhesion to surface or other cells

sex pilus (specific type of pilus, only a few on a bac) : involved in exchange of genetic material during conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of capsule

A

caosule: production of a thick geletenous outlater outside cell wall
-made of polysaccharide proteins

function: protection agains
-phagocytosis by host immune cells
-desication (loss of water)
-help bacteria adgere to surfaces and invade immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is plasmid and its functions

A

plasmid: small circular DNA molecules that seprarate from bac chromosme.

function: carry additional gene that provides afv to 1. antibody resistance and 2. virulence factors (enable to cause disease)

plasmid can be trasferred between bac during conjugation -> genetic diversity anf adaptability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can bac be classified into

A
  1. affinity to gram stain

gram positive bac: thick peptidoglycan layer retains purple colour of gram stain

gram negative: thin petidoglycan and has outer memberane made of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) -> more restsiant to antibodies

  1. predominant tissue effect
    -pyogenic (produce pus-> attract leukocytes)
    -toxigenic: secrete toxins that cause disease
    -intracellular- replicates inside macrophage and host cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is fungi characterised as (U see this means its fungi)

A

vegetable struncture known as hyphae (branches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the cell wall of fungi made of and its function

A
  • made of chitin

structure : half flexible, water insouble polysaccharide

fucntion: give fungi structural integrity
protect them from environmental stress (eg harsh weather)
-play a role in fungi ability to grow and reporduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are fungi (cannot make theri own food) and how does it hahppen

A

heterotrophic (fungi produce enzymes that bread down complex organic matter into simpler compounds-> ontain energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the two ways fungi obtain nutrients

A
  1. saprophytic ( decomposer that feed on dead.decayed matter. how? they break down the dead plants/animals-> return nutrients back into ecosystem
  2. parasiticism; fungi obtain nutrient from living host cellshow? invade host cells-> abdorb nutrient directly ftom it-> disease causing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

different types of parasites

A

-live in host (endoparasite) or on (ectoparasite) rely on host for nutrients and to reproduce themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is protozoa and what is the type of rls they have with host when inside

A

unicellular eukaryotic organisms

mostly free living, but some lead to commensalistic (benefit, no harm to host), mutualistic (both benefit) or parasitic (protozoa benefit, host harm) exiistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why do virus rely on host

A

mature infectious partilces are known as virions
-vririons do not contain ribosomes-> cannot synthesize protein-> rly on cellular organelles of the host to reporduce. host celluluar organells get replaced with viral proteins and its strucutre to form new virions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are prions and its effect on other cells

A

-misfolden proteins
-associated with neurodegenerative diseased in human and animals
able to vnvert normal molecules of protien into abnormal strucutre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the different modes of diseases transmission

A

DAFOV
direct (physical contact through wounds/bodily fluid)

Aerosoles (droplets in close proximity)

Formites (contaminated inanimate objects)

Oral (ingestion of pathogenic agent)

Vector-borne ( insect aquire pathogen from one animal-> transfer to another)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is pathology

A
  • is a branch of medical science- stusy of the cuases of the diseases, how they develope and their effects on the body
17
Q

aetiology

A

cause/origin of disease

18
Q

pathogenesis

A

process/mechanism of disease developement

causes: structural changes in cells, tissues, organs
- functional changes → signs and symptoms

19
Q

importance of pathology

A

Disease diagnosis
* Identify the causative agents
* Aids in treatment of patients
* Can be beneficial to human health too (eg. Zoonotic diseases)
* Research
* Understand animal disease better (progression
of diseases, transmission, mode of action,
pathways etc.,)
* Helps pharmaceutical research (develop drug
and treatment methods etc.,

20
Q

what does general pathology refer to

A

The study of the basic mechanisms of disease, with emphasis on aetiology and
pathogenesis)
* No limiting discussion to a particular organ/ tissue.
* Eg. Inflammation (response of cell to injury )

general/basic/no specific organ

21
Q

what is systemic pathology

A

Study of general pathology processes
* including special reference to specific tissue/ organ.
* involves aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, macro- and microscopic appearance,
specific diagnostic features, natural history and sequelae (consequence of previous
disease/ injury).
* Eg. Dermatitis (inflammation in the skin

22
Q

Describe the branches of pathology.

A

Anatomic Pathology
* A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based
on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular
examination of organs and tissues. (organ and tissues-mre deeper/smaller)
* For example, Histopathology; Fine Needle Aspiration, Autopsy

Clinical Pathology
* Supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood, urine
and other bodily fluids, tissues, and microscopic evaluation of individual
cells. (bodily fluids)
* For example, Hematopathology

23
Q

classification of aetiologival agents (cause/ornigin)

A

1.internal factors (they already have it) CGIA

-chromosome abdnormalities (extra chromosomes)
-gene abnormalities (mutations, deletion )
-immune system (abnormal/defect)
age (natural process/premature aging)

  1. external factors PICE
    -Physical agents – trauma, mechanical agents, radiation, heat, cold,
    electrical
    -infectious agents – bacteria, virus, parasites; protozoa, helminths,
    arthropods, fungal
    -Chemical agents – poison, toxin, acid, alkali
    *-Environmental – Nutrition (deficiency or excess of nutrients)
    Temperature
    Hygiene
    Radiation (UV light
24
Q

effect of aetiology on diseases causing

A
  1. One aetiology causing one disease( Canine Distemper, Salmonellosis)

2.One aetiology causing many diseases
( Canine hyperadrenocorticism (cushings) → bacterial dermatitis; diabetes mellitus; hepatopathy; thromboembolism;)

3.Many aetiologies causing one disease
* Excess intake of sugar, lack of insulin, obesity → diabetes mellitus
3. Describe appropriate terminology in relation to
disease conditions.

25
Q

Explain the differences between infectious and non-
infectious diseases.

A

Examples of Infectious (caused by pathogen, susceptable to transmission)
Diseases in Companion Animals
* Canine distemper virus (CDV)
* Canine parvovirus (CPV)
* Feline calicivirus (FCV)
* Feline herpesvirus (FHV)

Examples of Non-infectious Diseases (not casued by pathogen. lifestyle choces)
in Companion Animals
* Obesity
* Cardiac diseases
* Osteoarthritis
* Corneal Ulcers

26
Q

host -orgnaism rls

A

they have a symbiotic rls- interaction/close living rls between organism of different species

27
Q

Types of symbiosis

A

-Mutualism- both organisms benefit (Eg. Plants and pollinators (eg. Bees, bats, birds)

  • Commensalism- one organism benefits, with neither harm nor benefit to the other
    (Eg. Barnacles adhere to the skin of whales)

-Parasitism- The parasite benefits while causing harm to the host (Eg. Flea infestations)

28
Q

Factors determining likelihood of contracting a disease

A

The animal:
* Health
* Immunity status

The pathogen
* Virulence- how toxic and invasive

29
Q

criteria for pathogenicity (ability of infectious agent to cause disease) tell me about koch’s postulates

A

his exp purpose: list of criteria to determine is an organism in the aetiological agent (causes the disease)

his exp:
➢ Agent must be isolated from every patient with the disease (prevent spread)
➢ Agent should be isolated from such disease and propagated serially in pure
culture, apart from its natural host (
➢ Upon introduction into an experimental host, the isolate produces the original
disease
➢ Agent can be re-isolated from this experimental infection

30
Q
A
31
Q
  1. Elements in the production of infectious disease
A

1.Effective transmission: Modes, routes

  1. Attachment to host surface
    Eg. Bacterial adhesins + host receptor
    Prevented:
    - by normal flora
    - Mucosal antibody, other antibacterial
    substance eg. lysozyme
  2. Evasion of host defenses
    ❖Firm attachment
    ❖Repulsion of macrophages
    ❖Prevention of phagocytic digestion by capsules/cell walls
  3. Dissemination (spreading)
    ❖Via blood, lymph, bronchial tree, bile ducts, nerve trunks, mobile
    phagocytes
    ❖Direct extension into surrounding tissue with aid of bacterial
    enzymes such as collagenase, hyaluronidase
  4. Growth
    ❖Use host resources (nutients)
    ❖Create suitable microenvironment for its own benefit, including
    temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, absorption of required
    minerals like Fe (from heamoglobin in blood)

principals of animal healthcare and diseases (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions