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GCSE Biology > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the role of a cell membrane

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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2
Q

Define the role of mitochondria

A

where respiration happens (which releases energy)

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3
Q

Define the role of cytoplasm

A

where chemical reactions occur

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4
Q

Define the role of ribosomes

A

create proteins

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5
Q

Define the roles of a nucleus

A

contains DNA, controls the cell

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6
Q

What is the order (from smallest to largest) of organisation?

A

cells - tissues - organs - organ system - organism

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7
Q

Define a cell

A

basic unit of an organism

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8
Q

Define a tissue

A

a group of SIMILAR cells working together to carry out a specific function

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9
Q

Define an organ

A

a group of different tissues working together to carry out functions

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10
Q

Define an organ system

A

a group of organs working together to carry out a specific function

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11
Q

Define an organism

A

a group of organ systems working together

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12
Q

What type of cell has extra mitochondria and why?

A

muscle cells have extra mitochondria because it moves so it needs lots of energy (and mitochondria releases energy through respiration)

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13
Q

What does the muscle tissue do?

A

contracts to move the cell

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14
Q

What does the epitherial tissue do?

A

lines the tubes and the skin

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15
Q

What does the skeletal tissue do?

A

supports and protects the body

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16
Q

What does the nerve tissue do?

A

carries electrical signals around the body

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17
Q

What does the glandular tissue do?

A

produces hormones and enzymes

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18
Q

Define an enzyme

A

enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions in the body

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19
Q

Explain what happens when enzymes catalyse reactions

A

Enzymes have an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance in the reaction. The substrate binds to the active site (fitting perfectly) and the enzyme breaks down the substrate into products.

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20
Q

Name 4 factors that affect enzymes:

A
  • temperature
  • concentration of enzyme
  • concentration of substrate
  • pH
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21
Q

Define a denatured enzyme

A

active site has changed shape permanently (meaning it doesn’t work anymore) due to temperature or pH

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22
Q

Explain how temperature affects enzyme activity

A

the higher the temp, enzyme activity increases till a certain point. the enzyme will reach an optimum temperature (usually around 40 degrees) then decrease rapidly because the enzymes start to denature(so they can’t bind to an active site)

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23
Q

Function of mouth and salivary glands

A

chews food and adds saliva

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24
Q

Function of oesophagus

A

takes food to stomach

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25
Q

Function of stomach

A

mixes food and adds acid/protease

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26
Q

Function of liver

A

adds bile

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27
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

stores bile

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28
Q

Function of pancreas

A

make enzymes

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29
Q

Function of small intestine

A

enzymes, food absorbed into blood

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30
Q

Function of large intestine

A

absorbs water

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31
Q

Function of rectum

A

stores faeces

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32
Q

Function of anus

A

faeces leaves

33
Q

State which 4 digestive organs produce enzymes

A

salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine

34
Q

Amylase:
Where is it made?
What does it breakdown?
What are the product(s)?

A
  • made in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
  • breaks down starch and makes glucose
35
Q

Protease:
Where is it made?
What does it breakdown?
What are the product(s)?

A
  • made in pancreas, stomach, small intestine
  • breaks down proteins and makes amino acids
36
Q

Lipase:
Where is it made?
What does it breakdown?
What are the product(s)?

A
  • made in pancreas, small intestine
  • breaks down lipids (fats) and makes fatty acids and glycerol
37
Q

What are the two roles of bile?

A

neutralises stomach acid and breaks down/digests fat

38
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the starch test

A

iodine SOLUTION - orangy brown to a bluey black

39
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the sugar test

A

benedicts (+heat) - blue to a brick red

40
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the protein test

A

biuret - blue to purple

41
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the fat test

A

ethanol + water - clear to cloudy

42
Q

Give three adaptations of the alveoli

A
  • good blood supply maintains steep concentration gradient
  • spherical shape means a large surface area
  • lined with moisture so oxygen can dissolve into blood
43
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker?

A

It has to pump the blood all the way around the body whereas the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs

44
Q

Where are the cells that act as a natural pacemaker for the heart located?

A

right atrium

45
Q

Give 4 features of arteries

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thick muscular walls
  • carries blood under high pressure
  • usually carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonary)
46
Q

Give 4 features of veins

A
  • large lumen
  • thin muscular walls
  • carries blood under low pressure
  • usually carries deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary)
47
Q

Give 4 features of capillaries

A
  • so narrow blood cells can barely squeeze through
  • walls are one cell thick
  • blood loses pressure as it passes through
  • where substances are exchanged between blood and body
48
Q

Name the 4 components of blood and their role

A

white blood cell - fights infection
red blood cell - carries oxygen
plasma - carries carbon dioxide, urea, hormones etc.
platelets - cell fragments that help blood clot and prevent bleeding

49
Q

Name 4 substances the blood carries

A

oxygen, hormones, nutrients, carbon dioxide

50
Q

What are statins and give some pros and cons?

A

Drugs that lower cholesterol levels. Easy and no surgery but side effects (e.g headaches)

51
Q

What are stents and give some pros and cons?

A

Metal tubes that hold arteries open. Long lasting and effective but surgery risks

52
Q

Define health

A

state of physical and mental wellbeing

53
Q

Define a communicable disease

A

diseases that can be spread from person to person e.g flu

54
Q

Define a non-communicable disease

A

diseases that can’t be spread but are usually caused by unhealthy behaviours e.g cancer

55
Q

Name 3 risk factors a disease they are associated with

A

smoking - lung cancer
obesity - type 2 diabetes
diet, smoking, exercise - cardiovascular disease

56
Q

What is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell growth

57
Q

What is a tumour?

A

a mass of cells (usually cancerous)

58
Q

What is mutation?

A

when DNA is damaged

59
Q

Define benign and maliginant tumours

A

benign tumours grow within a membrane and don’t spread and malignant tumours can spread to other body parts via the blood

60
Q

When can benign tumours become a problem?

A

when they become too large they can put pressure on organs and damage them

61
Q

What are secondary cancers?

A

cancers that are formed as a result of malignant tumours

62
Q

Define waxy cuticle layer

A

Layer of wax on top of leaf which stops water loss

63
Q

Define the upper epidermis

A

thin layer of transparent cells on top of leaf

64
Q

Define the palisade layer

A

tall, tightly packed cells with lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

65
Q

Define the spongy mesophyll layer

A

less tightly packed cells with lots of air spaces

66
Q

Define the guard cells

A

cells that fill with water to open holes in leaf for more photosynthesis

67
Q

Define the stomata

A

the name of the holes in the leaf that allow gases in and out of the leaf

68
Q

Define the xylem

A

tubes that transport water and minerals up the stem from roots to leaf

69
Q

Define the phloem

A

tubes that transport sugars both up and down the stem

70
Q

Define transpiration

A

the loss of water from a plant due to evaporation

71
Q

What is meristem tissue and where is it found?

A

actively dividing cells which promote plant growth and they are found in root tips, shoots, buds and anywhere where new growth occurs

72
Q

What instrument is used to measure rate of transpiration?

A

potometer

73
Q

Describe the xylem

A
  • transports water and mineral ions
  • movement is upwards
  • formed from toughened dead cells
  • strengthened by lignin
  • provides support
74
Q

Describe the phloem

A
  • transports sugar (translocation)
  • cell sap moves through the sieve plates
  • movement is up and down
  • formed from living cells
75
Q

How do guard cells open the stomata?

A
  • ions are pumped into the guard cell
  • so there’s a lower water concentration in the cell
  • so water moves into the cell by osmosis
  • the guard cells swell and curve - they’re open
76
Q

What are nitrates used for in plants?

A
  • used to make proteins
  • nitrate + glucose –> amino acids
77
Q

What are the symptoms of a plant being deficient in nitrates?

A
  • stunted growth
  • yellow leaves
78
Q

What is magnesium used for in plants?

A

used to make chlorophyll

79
Q

What are the symptoms of a plant being deficient in magnesium?

A
  • yellow leaves

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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