Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Biology > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards Biology 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

Define the role of a cell membrane

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define the role of mitochondria

A

where respiration happens (which releases energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define the role of cytoplasm

A

where chemical reactions occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define the role of ribosomes

A

create proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define the roles of a nucleus

A

contains DNA, controls the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the order (from smallest to largest) of organisation?

A

cells - tissues - organs - organ system - organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define a cell

A

basic unit of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define a tissue

A

a group of SIMILAR cells working together to carry out a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define an organ

A

a group of different tissues working together to carry out functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define an organ system

A

a group of organs working together to carry out a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define an organism

A

a group of organ systems working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of cell has extra mitochondria and why?

A

muscle cells have extra mitochondria because it moves so it needs lots of energy (and mitochondria releases energy through respiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the muscle tissue do?

A

contracts to move the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the epitherial tissue do?

A

lines the tubes and the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the skeletal tissue do?

A

supports and protects the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the nerve tissue do?

A

carries electrical signals around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the glandular tissue do?

A

produces hormones and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define an enzyme

A

enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain what happens when enzymes catalyse reactions

A

Enzymes have an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance in the reaction. The substrate binds to the active site (fitting perfectly) and the enzyme breaks down the substrate into products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name 4 factors that affect enzymes:

A
  • temperature
  • concentration of enzyme
  • concentration of substrate
  • pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define a denatured enzyme

A

active site has changed shape permanently (meaning it doesn’t work anymore) due to temperature or pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain how temperature affects enzyme activity

A

the higher the temp, enzyme activity increases till a certain point. the enzyme will reach an optimum temperature (usually around 40 degrees) then decrease rapidly because the enzymes start to denature(so they can’t bind to an active site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of mouth and salivary glands

A

chews food and adds saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of oesophagus

A

takes food to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of stomach

A

mixes food and adds acid/protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of liver

A

adds bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

stores bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Function of pancreas

A

make enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Function of small intestine

A

enzymes, food absorbed into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Function of large intestine

A

absorbs water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Function of rectum

A

stores faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Function of anus

A

faeces leaves

33
Q

State which 4 digestive organs produce enzymes

A

salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine

34
Q

Amylase:
Where is it made?
What does it breakdown?
What are the product(s)?

A
  • made in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
  • breaks down starch and makes glucose
35
Q

Protease:
Where is it made?
What does it breakdown?
What are the product(s)?

A
  • made in pancreas, stomach, small intestine
  • breaks down proteins and makes amino acids
36
Q

Lipase:
Where is it made?
What does it breakdown?
What are the product(s)?

A
  • made in pancreas, small intestine
  • breaks down lipids (fats) and makes fatty acids and glycerol
37
Q

What are the two roles of bile?

A

neutralises stomach acid and breaks down/digests fat

38
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the starch test

A

iodine SOLUTION - orangy brown to a bluey black

39
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the sugar test

A

benedicts (+heat) - blue to a brick red

40
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the protein test

A

biuret - blue to purple

41
Q

Give the reagent and colour changes for the fat test

A

ethanol + water - clear to cloudy

42
Q

Give three adaptations of the alveoli

A
  • good blood supply maintains steep concentration gradient
  • spherical shape means a large surface area
  • lined with moisture so oxygen can dissolve into blood
43
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker?

A

It has to pump the blood all the way around the body whereas the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs

44
Q

Where are the cells that act as a natural pacemaker for the heart located?

A

right atrium

45
Q

Give 4 features of arteries

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thick muscular walls
  • carries blood under high pressure
  • usually carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonary)
46
Q

Give 4 features of veins

A
  • large lumen
  • thin muscular walls
  • carries blood under low pressure
  • usually carries deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary)
47
Q

Give 4 features of capillaries

A
  • so narrow blood cells can barely squeeze through
  • walls are one cell thick
  • blood loses pressure as it passes through
  • where substances are exchanged between blood and body
48
Q

Name the 4 components of blood and their role

A

white blood cell - fights infection
red blood cell - carries oxygen
plasma - carries carbon dioxide, urea, hormones etc.
platelets - cell fragments that help blood clot and prevent bleeding

49
Q

Name 4 substances the blood carries

A

oxygen, hormones, nutrients, carbon dioxide

50
Q

What are statins and give some pros and cons?

A

Drugs that lower cholesterol levels. Easy and no surgery but side effects (e.g headaches)

51
Q

What are stents and give some pros and cons?

A

Metal tubes that hold arteries open. Long lasting and effective but surgery risks

52
Q

Define health

A

state of physical and mental wellbeing

53
Q

Define a communicable disease

A

diseases that can be spread from person to person e.g flu

54
Q

Define a non-communicable disease

A

diseases that can’t be spread but are usually caused by unhealthy behaviours e.g cancer

55
Q

Name 3 risk factors a disease they are associated with

A

smoking - lung cancer
obesity - type 2 diabetes
diet, smoking, exercise - cardiovascular disease

56
Q

What is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell growth

57
Q

What is a tumour?

A

a mass of cells (usually cancerous)

58
Q

What is mutation?

A

when DNA is damaged

59
Q

Define benign and maliginant tumours

A

benign tumours grow within a membrane and don’t spread and malignant tumours can spread to other body parts via the blood

60
Q

When can benign tumours become a problem?

A

when they become too large they can put pressure on organs and damage them

61
Q

What are secondary cancers?

A

cancers that are formed as a result of malignant tumours

62
Q

Define waxy cuticle layer

A

Layer of wax on top of leaf which stops water loss

63
Q

Define the upper epidermis

A

thin layer of transparent cells on top of leaf

64
Q

Define the palisade layer

A

tall, tightly packed cells with lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

65
Q

Define the spongy mesophyll layer

A

less tightly packed cells with lots of air spaces

66
Q

Define the guard cells

A

cells that fill with water to open holes in leaf for more photosynthesis

67
Q

Define the stomata

A

the name of the holes in the leaf that allow gases in and out of the leaf

68
Q

Define the xylem

A

tubes that transport water and minerals up the stem from roots to leaf

69
Q

Define the phloem

A

tubes that transport sugars both up and down the stem

70
Q

Define transpiration

A

the loss of water from a plant due to evaporation

71
Q

What is meristem tissue and where is it found?

A

actively dividing cells which promote plant growth and they are found in root tips, shoots, buds and anywhere where new growth occurs

72
Q

What instrument is used to measure rate of transpiration?

A

potometer

73
Q

Describe the xylem

A
  • transports water and mineral ions
  • movement is upwards
  • formed from toughened dead cells
  • strengthened by lignin
  • provides support
74
Q

Describe the phloem

A
  • transports sugar (translocation)
  • cell sap moves through the sieve plates
  • movement is up and down
  • formed from living cells
75
Q

How do guard cells open the stomata?

A
  • ions are pumped into the guard cell
  • so there’s a lower water concentration in the cell
  • so water moves into the cell by osmosis
  • the guard cells swell and curve - they’re open
76
Q

What are nitrates used for in plants?

A
  • used to make proteins
  • nitrate + glucose –> amino acids
77
Q

What are the symptoms of a plant being deficient in nitrates?

A
  • stunted growth
  • yellow leaves
78
Q

What is magnesium used for in plants?

A

used to make chlorophyll

79
Q

What are the symptoms of a plant being deficient in magnesium?

A
  • yellow leaves

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions