TOPIC 2 Midterm Flashcards
“to make common, share, participate, or impart”
Communicare
continuous process by which one person may affect another through written or oral language
Communication
Communication is the means by which culture is transmitted and preserved
Communication and culture
area within anthropology concerned with the study of the structure of language
Linguistics
may be perceived as a form of language and the use of words and behaviors to construct messages
Structure
Process of communication
Sender, transmitting device, signals, receiver and feedback
sender attempts to relay a message, an idea, or information to another person or group through
the use of signal and symbols.
Process of communication
factors influence how the message is given
physical health,
▪ emotional well-being,
▪ the situation being
▪︎ discussed and the meaning
it has,
▪ other distractions,
▪ knowledge of the matter
being discussed,
▪ skill at communication, and
▪ attitudes toward the other
▪︎ person and the subject
being discussed
Communication first of all involves language or verbal communication, including vocabulary or a repertoire of
words and grammatical structure
Verbal and non verbal communication
Words are tools or symbols used to express ideas and feelings or to identify or describe objects
Verbal communication
people may speak the same language,
Vocubulary
general use by most persons who share a common
language
Denotative
usually arises from a person’s personal experience
Connotative
Cultural differences are reflected in grammatical structure and the use and meaning of phrases.
Grammatical structures
a speech variation that may prove to be a barrier to
communication
Jargon
refers to something beyond the word themselves
Paralinguistic or Paralanguage
includes pitch and range, can add an important element to communication.
Voice quality
important aspect of the communication message
Intonation
varies from culture to culture
Rhythm
rate and volume of speech frequently provide a clue to an individual’s mood
Speed
some cultural groups may be identified by their dialect
Pronounciation
may be thoughtful, or they may be blank and empty when the individual has nothing to say
Silences
in a conversation may also indicate stubbornness and resistance, apprehension, or discomfort.
Silence
silence for privacy.
English and arabic
use silence to indicate agreement between parties.
Russian, French and Spanish
view silence as a sign of respect,
Asian
instructions are given by a person in authority rather than showing the disrespect of disagreement.
Mexicans
suggested that 65% of the message received in communication is nonverbal
Hall (1966)
Through body language or motions (kinetic behavior), the person conveys what cannot or may not be said in words.
Non verbal communication
powerful form of communication that can be used to
bridge distances between nurse and client
Touch
commonly used as a guide to person’s feelings.
Facial expression
dominant culture generally tolerates hugs and embraces among intimates and a pat on the shoulder as a gesture of camaraderie.
US
Rather than a firm handshake, there is a light touch or grasp or even just a passing of hands.
American-Indian groups
touch as symbolic of “undoing” an evil spell, as a means for prevention of harm, or as a means for healing
Mexican American and American Indians
touching shoulders with another to be anxiety producing, since they believe that the soul can leave the body on physical contact and that health problems may result
Vietnamese Americans
In facial expression, The eyes open wide, the eyebrows rise, and the mouth becomes tense with the lips drawn back.
Fear
eyes become fixed in a hard stare with the upper lids lowered and the eyebrows drawn down
Angry
Eyes rolled upward may be related to
Tiredness
Narrowed eyes, a curled upper lip, and a moving nose
commonly signal
Disgust
may turn the eyes away or down
Embarassed or self conscious
raised eyebrows shows surprise
Direct gaze
can also be used to convey an opposite meaning of the one that is felt
Facial expression
important aspect of interpersonal communication
Eye movement
People use more eye contact while they are listening and may use glances of about
3 to 10 seconds
important tool in transcultural nursing assessment and is used both for observation and to initiate
interaction.
Eye contact
can communicate warmth and bridge interpersonal gaps between people.
Eye contact
Lack of eye contact may be interpreted as
sign of shyness, lack of interest,
a quality or state that promotes feelings of friendship, well-being, or pleasure.
Warmth
can be communicated verbally and may also be communicated nonverbally, as by a pat on the shoulder or a gentle smile.
Warmth
suggests that the healing process is promoted by the
interrelation between the nurse and the client and that without this relationship the client from another culture may not be engaged in the healing process.
Graham-Dickerson (1996)
a powerful component of verbal and nonverbal communication
Humor
can create a bond of shared pleasure between people, decrease anxiety and tension
Humor
The nurse can learn to control personal reactions by a broadened understanding of others’ beliefs and
behaviors
ASSESS PERSONAL BELIEFS OF PERSONS FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES.
To communicate with a client from another culture, it is essential to assess each client from a cultural perspective
ASSESS COMMUNICATION VARIABLES FROM A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
To establish an appropriate plan, it is essential to improve personal knowledge about the customs and beliefs of the culture of the clients receiving care
PLAN CARE ACCORDING TO THE COMMUNICATED NEEDS AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND
A factor that commonly interferes with care delivery to a person from another culture is confusion and fear about the treatment process.
MODIFY COMMUNICATION APPROACH TO MEET CULTURAL NEEDS
Regardless of the language spoken or the cultural orientation, the nurse whose approach focuses on individuals and their emotional and physical needs increases communication and reduces interpersonal
distance.
UNDERSTAND THAT RESPECT FOR THE PATIENT AND COMMUNICATED NEEDS IS CENTRAL TO THE THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP.
The interview should be started in an unhurried manner, with adherence to acceptable social and cultural amenities
COMMUNICATE IN NONTHREATENING MANNER
When personal matters are discussed, it is important to allow time for the development of a relationship
USE STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP TASK
always important, they are especially important when the client is from a different culture
USE VALIDATING TEACHNIQUES IN COMMUNICATION
When talking about sexual matters with a male child from certain cultures. It is important to have the father rather than the mother present.
BE CONSIDERATE OF RELUCTANCE TO TALK WHEN THE SUBJECT INVOLVES SEXUAL MATTERS
A client who enters the health care system without being able to speak the dominant language of the caregivers enters a frightening and frustrating world
ADOPT SPECIAL APPROACHES WHEN THE PATIENT SPEAKS A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE.
developed the first set of national standards for medical interpreting professionals in the United States.
The National Council on Interpreting in Health Care (2006)
To enable other parties to know precisely what each speaker has said.
Accuracy
To honor the private and personal nature of the health care interaction and maintain trust among all parties
CONFIDENTIALITY
To eliminate the effect of interpreter bias or preference.
IMPARTIALITY
To acknowledge the inherent dignity of all parties in the interpreted encounter
RESPECT
To facilitate communication across cultural differences.
CULTURAL AWARENESS
To clarify the scope and limits of the interpreting role to
avoid conflicts of interest
ROLE BOUNDARIES
To uphold the public’s trust in the interpreting profession
PROFESSIONALISM
To attain the highest possible level of competence and service.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
To prevent harm to parties whom the interpreter serves.
ADVOCACY
Establishing an environment of culturally congruent care and respect begins with effective communication
CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
indicate that the patient does not understand what you are saying and is attempting to talk about something more familiar.
Efforts to change the subject
Paradoxically, this often means that the listener is not grasping the message
Absence of questions
A self-conscious giggle may signal poor comprehension
Inappropriate laughter
blank expression may signal poor understanding
Nonverbal cues
avoidance of eye contact may be a cultural expression of respect for the speaker
Nonverbal cues
