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Edexcel GCSE Physics Higher > Topic 2 - Forces And Motion > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Forces And Motion Flashcards

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1
Q

Scalar vs Vector

A
  • A scalar quantity only has a magnitude
  • A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction
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2
Q

How do vector arrows represent vectors?

A
  • The length of the arrow represents magnitude
  • The arrow points in the associated direction
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3
Q

Examples of vector quantities

A
  1. Velocity
  2. Displacement
  3. Force
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4
Q

6 examples of scalar quantities

A
  • Temperature
  • Time
  • Mass
  • Speed
  • Distance
  • Energy
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5
Q

Definition of velocity

A

The speed of an object in a specific direction

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6
Q

What does the gradient represent on a distance-time graph?

A

The speed.

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7
Q

On a displacement-time graph, what does the gradient represent?

A

The velocity.

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8
Q

How to calculate the speed at a given time for a distance-time graph for an accelerating object?

A
  • Draw a tangent to the curve at the required time
  • Calculate the gradient of the tangent
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9
Q

How can the distance travelled by an object be calculated from a velocity-time graph?

A
  • Calculate the area under the graph
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10
Q

On a velocity-time graph, what does the gradient represent?

A

The acceleration.

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11
Q

Speed of sound

A

330 m/s

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12
Q

Human walking speed

A

1.5 m/s

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13
Q

Human running speed

A

3 m/s

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14
Q

Human cycling speed

A

6 m/s

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15
Q

Gravity strength on Earth

A

10 m/s^2

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16
Q

Define resultant force:

A
  • The name given to the single force that is equivalent to all the other forces acting on a given object
17
Q

Newton’s First Law for a stationary object:

A

If the resultant force on a stationary object is zero, the object will remain at rest.

18
Q

Newton’s first law for a moving object

A
  • If the resultant force on a moving object is zero, the object will remain at a constant velocity (same speed in the same direction).
19
Q

Newton’s Second Law in words

A
  • An object’s acceleration is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it.
  • And inversely proportional to its mass.
20
Q

What is weight?

A
  • The force that acts on an object due to gravity and the object’s mass.
21
Q

Unit for gravitational field strength

A

N/kg

22
Q

What piece of equipment can measure an object’s weight?

A
  • A calibrated spring-balance
  • A newton meter
23
Q

When can an object at a constant speed not have a constant velocity?

A
  • When the object is changing direction
  • For example, moving in a circle
24
Q

Why does an object travelling at a constant speed in a circle not have a constant velocity?

A
  • Speed is scalar
  • Velocity is a vector quantity which means it can only be constant if the direction is constant
  • In circular motion, the direction is continuously changing
  • The velocity is therefore constantly changing
25
Q

The resultant force that acts on an object moving in a circle and its direction

A
  • Centripetal force
  • Acts towards the centre of the circle
26
Q

What is inertial mass?

A
  • A measure of how difficult it is to change a given object’s velocity
  • The ratio of force over acceleration
27
Q

State Newton’s Third Law

A

Whenever two objects interact, the forces that they exert on each other are always equal and opposite.

28
Q

Unit for momentum

A

kg m/s

29
Q

In a closed system, what can be said about the momentum before and after a collision?

A

The total momentum before and after are equal.

30
Q

How to measure human reaction times:

A
  • Using a ruler drop test, where:
  • Person A and B hold each end of a ruler with the 0cm mark at the bottom
  • Person A drops the ruler without telling Person B.
  • Person B catches it.
  • The distance travelled corresponds to their reaction time.
31
Q

Why does the 0cm mark need to be at the bottom in the ruler drop test?

A
  • So you can obtain the distance directly without having to calculate it.
  • Otherwise a zero error would need to be accounted for.
32
Q

What is the stopping distance of a vehicle equal to?

A

The sum of the thinking distance and the braking distance.

33
Q

For a given braking distance, if the vehicle’s speed is increased, what can be said about its stopping distance?

A

The stopping distance increases

34
Q

Range of values of human reaction time

A

0.2 to 0.9 s

35
Q

Factors affecting a driver’s reaction time

A
  1. Tiredness
  2. Drugs
  3. Alcohol
36
Q

Factors affecting braking distance

A
  1. Adverse (wet/icy) road conditions
  2. Poor tyre/brake conditions
37
Q

Describe the energy transfers that take place when a car applies its brakes (4 marks)

A
  • Work is done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel.
  • Kinetic energy of the wheel is:
  • Converted to heat
  • Dissipated to the surroundings through the brake discs
38
Q

To stop a car in a given distance, if its velocity is increased, what happens to the braking force applied?

A

It also increases.

39
Q

Two consequences of a vehicle undergoing very large decelerations:

A
  • The amount of kinetic energy converted to heat is very high causing breakers to overheat.
  • Loss of control of the vehicle

Edexcel GCSE Physics Higher (15 decks)

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