Topic 2 - Economic Activity and Energy Flashcards
What are the four employment sectors?
Primary Sector - Extraction of raw materials e.g. Lumberjack
Secondary Sector - Manufacturing e.g. Car manufacturing
Tertiary Sector - Providing a service e.g. Teaching
Quaternary Sector - Research and Development e.g. NASA
What is the Clark-Fischer model, and what does it look like/show?
It shows the differing percentages of employment based on the development of a country.
What are some factors affecting the location of economic activity?
Primary sector: Availability of natural resources
Secondary sector: Proximity to workers, transport links for finished products
Tertiary sector: Availability of customers
Quaternary sector: Availability of skilled and educated workers
These factors can change as a country uses up its resources/develops, and has more focus on the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
Why does the number of people employed in each sector change?
What are 4 positive and 3 negative impacts of sector shifts in the UK?
Positives:
New ideas (medicine, GM crops, aerospace, defence and inventions) are a good way to earn money in a developed world economy like the UK.
Reduced traffic congestion near factories and manufacturing sites - reduced noise and air pollution
Strengthened position in the global economy due to the export of quaternary sector knowledge and skills
Growth in call centres offering employment to low-skilled workers
Negatives:
Derelict and abandoned factories and mines look ugly
Decline in shipbuilding caused a decline in steel making, which then eventually resulted in the closure of coal mines (‘Domino effect’)
Outsourcing of manufactured goods leads to greater pollution during transportation (global shipping)
What are 4 positive and 4 negative impacts of sector shifts in China?
Positives:
Growth in the technology sector due to increased demand
Chinese shoppers are among the world’s highest consumers of luxury goods
Lower unemployment
Literacy rates have increased from 66% in 1980 to 95% in 2010
Negatives:
Increased pollution caused by heavy industry and urban traffic
Insecure food supply for those now living in cities
Decrease in the use of bicycles
China has the world’s largest number of outbound tourists, who spend billions of dollars while abroad (Money that could go into the Chinese economy).
What causes informal employment?
Rural-urban migration, economic development, lack of education, desire to avoid taxes, and lack of skills.
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of informal employment in Mumbai?
Advantages:
No tax for the estimated 80-90% of Mumbai’s population that works in the informal sector, most of whom are poor and need the money.
Little skill is required to enter the informal sector in Mumbai. for example, someone migrating into Mumbai may find a job as a tailor in the informal settlements. This can provide them with a steady source of income to survive on, and it may not be much but there is a low-barrier to entry and anyone can do it without having to pay for training.
Negatives:
Street vendors may not be able to have a stable enough income to live comfortably without worrying.
Rickshaw drivers may have to work in unsanitary and dangerous conditions, e.g. very high heat, with no protection, and rely on customers to make a living.
What were Malthus and Boserup’s theories to explain the relationship between population and resources?
Malthus believed that resources were limited and once the population overtook resources, there would be a Malthusian catastrophe, e.g. famine, where people would starve as there were not enough resources for everyone
Boserup believed that humans would continue inventing new ways to provide for everyone and that the population would never overtake resources.
What factors affect energy demand and production, and how?
Population growth - A larger population will need more energy, so there is a higher demand, and more energy is produced.
Increased wealth - A wealthier population will use more energy for non-necessary items, so energy demand is higher, and more energy will be produced.
Technological advances - A more technologically advanced society will use more energy on the newest products, which are often not streamlined yet and not energy-efficient, energy demand is higher, and so more energy is produced.
What is energy security?
Having uninterrupted access to energy sources at affordable prices. It involves ensuring a reliable and consistent supply of energy to meet the needs of a nation, both domestically and industrially.
What are 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of non-renewable energy?
ADVANTAGES
Cheap
Reliable
High energy output
DISADVANTAGES
Pollute the environment
Large and look ugly, residents don’t want to live near them
Finite source
What are 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of renewable energy?
ADVANTAGES
Infinite source
Don’t pollute
Lower reliance on foreign energy sources
DISADVANTAGES
Unreliable
High initial costs
Requires a lot of space
How can energy be managed in a sustainable way?
What are the 3 areas where it can be managed?
Education - Teaching the future generations to be energy-efficient
Efficiency - Using products that use the least energy with the highest output, e.g. Electric buses
Conservation - Being careful with how you use energy, e.g. switching lights off
It can be managed in industry, transport and the home
What is a case study for energy resource management in a developed country?
Qatar:
Al Kharsaah energy plant.
Opened in 2022
More than 1.8 million solar panels
Expected energy production of 2 TWh per year - can supply 10% of the country’s peak energy consumption.
ADVANTAGES
Creates jobs
Reduces dependence on natural gas
produces clean electricity
DISADVANTAGES
High cost ($450 Million)
Covers a large amount of land (10km²)
Difficult maintenance due to desert conditions
What is a case study for energy resource management in a developing country?
Peru:
Chambamontera
A city high in the mountains of Peru
Half the population live on less than $2 per day
The city was often without power, as getting power so high in the mountains was unreliable and intermittent.
A mini-hydro electric power generator was put in place at a river nearby.
The project cost $51,000, but was helped by investment from the government and Japan
ADVANTAGES
Provided energy to people who often have without power
Showed that renewable energy can be developed and used on a small scale
Produces clean electricity
DISADVANTAGES
Costly for families - even after external investment, it was around $750 per family, although credit options were included
the product’s lifespan is around 25 years, but there is no guarantee of it lasting longer or being renewed.
