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GCSE Geography > Topic 2 - Distinctive Landscapes > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a landscape?

A

The visual features that make up the surface of a land.

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2
Q

What are the 4 elements of a landscape?

A

Physical/Natural - e.g mountains, rivers

Human - e.g buildings, land-use

Variables - e.g Weather, snow, mist

Biological - e.g Flora, Fauna

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3
Q

Landscapes can either be ‘built landscapes’ or ‘natural landscapes’.

What is meant by both?

A

Built landscape - Landscape that has more built elements than natural elements.

Natural landscape - Landscape that has more natural elements than built elements

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4
Q

State 2 examples of a natural landscape.

A
  • Woodlands.
  • Plateaus.
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5
Q

State 2 examples of a built landscape.

A
  • Cities.
  • Shopping centre.
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6
Q

Upland landscapes are:

A

Landscapes of areas of higher elevation above 400m.

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7
Q

Distribution of upland landscapes:

A

North and West of the UK, e.g Scotland and Wales.

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8
Q

Lowland landscapes are:

A

Landscapes of areas of lower elevation below 200m.

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9
Q

Distribution of lowland landscapes:

A

South and East of the UK, e.g Kent and East Anglia.

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10
Q

Glaciated landscapes are:

A

Landscapes of mountainous areas shaped by ice.

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11
Q

When describing the characteristics of a landscape you must always mention:

A
  • Geology
  • Climate
  • Human activity
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12
Q

Describe the geology of upland landscapes.

A
  • Consists of older sedimentary rocks (such as sandstones and limestones), which are more resistant to erosion.
  • This consequently forms areas of high-elevation land.
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13
Q

Describe the climate of upland landscapes.

A
  • Cooler + wetter due to relief rainfall.
  • RR occurs when the air hits the high elev. areas, then rises, cools and condenses into clouds.
  • The highest parts may be 500m taller than valleys and 5 degrees colder.
  • They are typically covered in snow during winter + snow can reside on highest parts for days.
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14
Q

Describe the land use of upland landscapes.

A
  • Outdoor pursuit e.g hiking.
  • Army training.
  • Coniferous woodland plantations.
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15
Q

Describe the geology of lowland landscapes.

A
  • Made from younger sedimentary rocks such as clay, sand and chalk, which are less resistant to erosion.
  • Hence why they erode and weather over time resulting in low elevation areas of gently rolling hills such as North Downs in Kent, South England.
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16
Q

Describe the climate of lowland landscapes.

A
  • Warmer and drier.
  • This is because they are mainly found in the rain shadow downwind of mountains.
  • Here, air sinks, warms, and clouds evaporate resulting in clearer skies, and drier climate due to lower rainfall.
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17
Q

Describe the human activity on lowland landscapes.

A
  • Cities, Road infrastructure + Buildings due to low elev.
  • Agriculture + Farming due to deep, fertile soil which aids the growth of arable crops and grass for cattle and sheep.
  • Economic hubs + businesses - SE England consists of many economic hubs - the largest is London.
  • This allows for more job opps. resulting in rural-urban migration and hence, urbanisation.
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18
Q

Describe the geology of glaciated landscapes.

A
  • Consists of igneous rocks such as granite and metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and slate.
  • These rocks or more resistant to erosion, so form high mountainous areas.
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19
Q

Describe the climate of glaciated landscapes.

A
  • Colder due to RR (always explain the process: C-C-C-R).
  • Freeze-thaw weather results in rock fragments tumbling down the valley sides forming piles of scree.
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20
Q

Describe the human activity of glaciated landscapes.

A
  • Reservoirs - made from over-deepened valleys.
  • Hydroelectric power scheme pipelines may run over the mountainous landscape.
  • Hill walkers walking result in footpath erosion, forming scars on the mountains.
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21
Q

Define weathering.

A

The disintegration of materials (rocks) in situ, due to biological, chemical and mechanical/physical processes.

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22
Q

Mechanical/physical weathering:

A

Disintegration of rocks due to physical movement.

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23
Q

Example of mechanical weathering:

A

Freeze-thaw weathering breaking off rocks.

24
Q

Biological weathering:

A

Disintegration of rocks due to animals and plants.

25
Q

Example of biological weathering:

A

Tree roots growing in rock cracks causing rock to split.

26
Q

Chemical weathering:

A

Disintegration of rocks due to chemical reactions.

27
Q

Example of chemical weathering:

A

Carbonation of carbonate rocks, e.g limestone.

28
Q

Define mass movement.

A

When loose or weathered material (rock) moves down slope due to gravity.

29
Q

Define erosion.

A

Erosion is the wearing away of material (rock).

30
Q

Define Transport.

A

The movement of eroded or weathered material along waves/river, using energy.

31
Q

Define Deposition.

A

When waves lose energy, the slow down and cannot transport sediment. The sediment is dropped or deposited.

32
Q

What are the 4 geomorphic weathering processes?

A
  • Mass movement
  • Erosion
  • Transport
  • Deposition
33
Q

Mass movement is a comprise of:

A

Slumping and Sliding.

34
Q

What is sliding?

A

When bedding planes are seaward-bending, weathered rock slabs slide down the sloped rock surface.

35
Q

What is slumping?

A
  • When heavy rain socks up permeable clay rock, it makes it heavy and also causes it to loose cohesion as the water lubricates then clay particles.
  • Now, the clay slumps down the slope along curved slip planes which is called rotational slumping.
36
Q

What is Erosion?

A

The wearing away of rock.

37
Q

How many types of erosion are there?

Name them.

A

4.

  • Abrasion
  • Hydraulic action
  • Attrition
  • Solution
38
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When waves throw pebbles against a cliff/river bank, resulting in cliff/river bank’s pieces breaking off.

39
Q

What is Hydraulic action?

A

When waves hit a cliff, the air in the cracks and joint compresses. This causes stress on it. The pressure causes the cracks to widen.

40
Q

What is attrition?

A

When rocks collide with each other, causing them to break into smaller rocks OR, become more rounded.

41
Q

What is solution?

A

When natural acidic rivers pass over carbonate rocks (e.g limestone), and dissolves them.

42
Q

What is the acronym for erosion?

A

A.H.A.S (abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution.)

43
Q

What is the acronym for mass-movement?

A

S.S (sliding, slumping).

44
Q

What is the acronym for Transport?

A

T.S.S.S.L (traction, saltation, suspension, solution, longshore drift)

45
Q

What is transport?

A

The movement of eroded or weather material using energy.

46
Q

What is traction?

A

When cobbles are rolled by fast-flowing waters or powerful waves.

47
Q

What is saltation?

A

When pebbles or sand is temporarily lifted by rivers or waves, causing them to bounce along.

48
Q

What is suspension?

A

When fine sediment is carried constantly by rivers or waves.

49
Q

What is solution.

A

When calcium carbonate is eroded away by solution, it produces a solution called calcium bicarbonate (when it reacts with acid in rivers), which is transported in streams and rivers.

50
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The zig-zag movement of sediments along a cast due to prevailing winds, swash and backwash.

51
Q

Explain how longshore drift works.

A
  • Prevailing winds approaches beach at an angle.
  • Waves wash up the beach at that same angle. This is called swash.
  • Gravity pulls the waves carrying the sediment back into the waters, perpendicular to the coastline. This is called backwash.
  • This process repeats and transports sediment through saltation and suspension.
52
Q

What is a landform?

A

A natural feature on the earth’s surface.

53
Q

What are the two categories of landforms?

A

Erosional and depositional landforms.

54
Q

What are the 4 types of erosional landforms.

A
  • Headland and bays.
  • Caves.
  • Arch.
  • Stack.
55
Q

How is a headland and bay formed?

A
  • They need a concordant coastline where the band of rock is perpendicular to the coastline.
  • The softer and less resistant rock is eroded faster thru abrasion forming bays.
  • The tougher and more resistant rock is eroded slower, forming headlands.

GCSE Geography (4 decks)

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