Topic 2 Development Geography Flashcards
Development
The economic, social and political progress a country or people make.
How can development be beneficial?
It must be sustainable(long-term and experienced by many people across society)
GDP
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
Life expectancy
The average age to which a person lives
Infant mortality rate
The number of babies, per 1000 live births, who die under the age of one
Poverty line
The minimum level of income to meet a person’s basic needs(The World Bank considers this to be $1.25 a day)
Dependency ratio
(The number of people too young(0-14) + number of people too old(over 65) to work)/working population(15-64) x 100
Literacy rate
Percentage of adults who can read and write
Maternal mortality
Number of mothers per 100000 who die in childbirth
Access to safe drinking water
Percentage of population with access to improved water supply
Corruption Perceptions Index
A measure of the level of government openness, scale from 10(honest) to 0(very corrupt)
HDI(Human development index)
A score between 0-1 including a country’s health, wealth and education(life expectancy, GDP per person, literacy rate). A score of 1 is the best
Population pyramids
They show the structure of a country’s
population in terms of gender and age.
Causes of global inequalities
Physical environment-
Landlocked and mountainous countries with less access to the sea develop slower as trade is more difficult. Development is also more difficult in tropical countries than temperate latitudes as they experience more climate-related diseases.
History- Colonialism in the 18th and 19th century by European powers meant colonies were exploited for economic gain, but unequal trading relationships meant colonies received little benefit. Neo-colonialism shows how rich countries dominate poorer countries.
Political and economic policies - open economies like in the UK encourage foreign investment and develop faster than closed economies, like North Korea where imports and exports aren’t allowed. Investment creates jobs and funds infrastructure
Development in a developed country
UK
Age structure(0-14): 16.01%
Infant mortality rate= 3.79 deaths per 1000 live births
Life expectancy - 82.05 years
Literacy rate-99%
School life expectancy - 17 years
Development in an emerging country
India
Age structure(0-14):26.3%
Infant mortality rate= 39.5 deaths per 1000 live births
Life expectancy - 70 years
Literacy rate = 74.4%
Development in a developing country
Malawi
Age structure(0-14): 38.54%
Infant mortality rate =
32.68 deaths per 1000 live births
Literacy rate = 67.3%
School life expectancy - 11 years
Causes of poverty(Malawi)
Trade - Malawi earns less money from exports($1.3 billion) than imports($2.5 billion)
Corruption - Malawi is the 121st(out of 168) worst corruption, civil unrest and lack of investment to people’s education and health means wealthy countries are less tempted to give aid
Malawi is landlocked - no coastline to export/import goods, difficult to trade for economy
Consequences of poverty
Social-
Fertility rate 5.10 babies per women, no investment in contraception for women(Malawi)
50% of the population don’t have access to clean water, dehydrated and unhygienic without sanitation(Malawi)
Economic-
About one in five of the world’s population live on less than £1 a day
Environmental-
Poor farming practices lead to environmental degradation, with raw materials exploited without caring for the environment and with a limited economic benefit in developing countries
Population pyramids
Developing countries: High fertility rate, high birth and death rates, low life expectancy
High proportion of young people
Emerging countries:
Fertility rates and birth rates start to fall, life expectancy starts to increase
Higher proportion of working age people
Developed countries:
Low fertility, birth and death rates, high life expectancy
Higher proportion of old people
Reason for population change
As countries develop, GDP per capita increases. This increased wealth means more money to spend on health, education and piped water supplies. Over time, birth/death rates, dependency ratios, fertility rates, infant mortality rates and maternal mortality rates all fall, but life expectancy,years of schooling and literacy rates all increase, so eventually populations age.
Intermediate technology
Makes use of local materials which are cheap and easily available
Involves low-tech solutions to help local people which can easily be repaired should they break down
Intermediate technology uses cheap materials, which can be afforded by poor people in developing societies.
How can economic development lead to water pollution
Industrial activity and the dispose of rubbish in rivers releases chemicals into local/water sources.
