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AS Chemistry > Topic 2 - Developing Fuels > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Developing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

Prefix for 1 carbon in a hydrocarbon

A

Meth-

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2
Q

Prefix for 2 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Eth-

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3
Q

Prefix for 3 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Prop-

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4
Q

Prefix for 4 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

But-

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5
Q

Prefix for 5 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Pent-

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6
Q

Prefix for 6 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Hex-

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7
Q

Prefix for 7 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Sept-

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8
Q

Prefix for 8 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Oct-

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9
Q

Prefix for 9 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Non-

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10
Q

Prefix for 10 carbons in a hydrocarbon

A

Dec-

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11
Q

Suffix for alkanes

A

-ane

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12
Q

Suffix for alkenes

A

-ene

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13
Q

Prefix for rings

A

Cyclo-

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14
Q

Suffix for alcohols

A

-ol

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15
Q

Suffix for carboxylic acids

A

-oic acid

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16
Q

How to name chain alkane isomers

A

-Find name of longest chain
-Name of side chain
-Find which number of carbon side chain is attached to

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17
Q

Name structure of chain alkane isomers

A

Side chains (in alphabetical order), main chain

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18
Q

Define general formula

A

Represent any member of a homologous series

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19
Q

Define full structural formula

A

Shows all atoms and bonds in the compound

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20
Q

Define shortened structural formula

A

Does not show all/any bonds in the compound
e.g. CH3CH(CH3)CH3

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21
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

Represents the carbon-carbon bonds in the hydrocarbon

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22
Q

Define aromatic

A

Compounds containing one or more benzene rings

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23
Q

Define aliphatic

A

Compounds that do not contain benzene rings

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24
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula, but atoms are bonded in a different order

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25
Q

What are the different types of structural isomers?

A

-Chain isomer
-Position isomer
-Functional group isomer

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26
Q

Define chain isomer

A

Different lengths and branch positions

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27
Q

Define position isomer

A

Functional groups attached to different carbons

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28
Q

Define functional group isomer

A

Molecule has different functional groups

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29
Q

Define steroisomer

A

Same molecular formula and structural formula but atoms are arranged differently in space

30
Q

What are the different types of stereoisomers?

A

-Geometric isomers
-E/Z isomers
Optical isomers

31
Q

Define E/Z isomer

A

Molecule with a C=C bond that cannot rotate with different atoms attached to each carbon
Can also be called cis/trans isomers

32
Q

Define optical isomer

A

Due to attachment of 4 different atoms/groups around a carbon atom

33
Q

Define cracking

A

Process of taking longer hydrocarbons and breaking them into smaller (more useful) ones

34
Q

What can hydrocarbons be cracked with?

A

-Steam and high pressure
-Aluminium oxide (catalyst) and high temperatures

35
Q

What does geometric isomerism require?

A

-No rotation around C=C double bond
-Different atoms/groups attached to C=C

36
Q

Define standard state

A

Physical state of a substance under standard conditions

37
Q

What are the standard conditions?

A

Pressure: 101kPa
Temperature: 298K
Reactions with aqueous solutions:
1 mol dm^-3

38
Q

Define enthalpy change of combustion (ΔHcθ)

A

Energy required for 1 mile of a substance to completely combust under standard conditions

39
Q

How can ΔHcθ be measured?

A

q=mcΔT

40
Q

Define enthalpy change of reaction (ΔHrθ)

A

Molar quantities of reactants stayed in the equation react under standard conditions with reactants and products in standard states

41
Q

Assumptions for ΔHrθ

A

-Treat all specific heat capacities as water (4.18)
-Assume densities of all solutions as the density of water
-Reaction goes to completion with no other reactions occurring

42
Q

Equation for bond enthalpy

A

ΔH = ΣEnthalpy of bonds broken - ΣEnthalpy of bonds made

43
Q

Qualities of endothermic reactions

A

-Bonds broken
-Requires energy
Positive ΔH

44
Q

Qualities of exothermic reactions

A

-Bonds made
-Releases energy
-Negative ΔH

45
Q

Define average bond enthalpy

A

Since bonds of the same type do not have the same amount of energy the average of energy for all bonds taken

46
Q

Bond enthalpy qualities

A

-Shorter bond = higher bond enthalpy
-Attraction between shared electrons and nuclei
-Repulsion between the 2 nuclei
-Balance between forces = bond length
-High electron density = shorter bond

47
Q

Define enthalpy change of neutralisation (ΔHneutθ)

A

Enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of hydrogen ions react with 1 mole of hydroxide ions to form 1 mole of water under standard conditions in a solution with concentration 1 mol dm^-3

48
Q

How can a single bond be represented?

A

σ-bond
(sigma bond)

49
Q

How can a double bond be represented?

A

π-bond
(pi bond)

50
Q

How to count number of σ-bonds?

A

Count every single bond, as well as one of the double bonds

51
Q

How to count number of π-bonds?

A

Number of double bonds in molecule

52
Q

Define electronegativity

A

Measure of the attraction of the atoms in a covalent bond for the electrons in the bond

53
Q

How does electronegativity vary across the period table?

A

Increases across periods and up a group

54
Q

Define dipole

A

Bonds between elements (apart from C & H)

55
Q

If the element is more electronegative then the dipole is…

A

Negative (δ-)

56
Q

If the element is less electronegative then the dipole is…

A

Positive (δ+)

57
Q

If the elements are the same then the dipole is…

A

None

58
Q

Define electrophile

A

Electron pair acceptor

59
Q

What does the arrow represent in electrophilic addition mechanisms?

A

Shows the moment of a pair of electrons in the mechanism

60
Q

Define heterolytic fission

A

Where both electrons in a covalent bond remain with one atom during bond breaking

61
Q

Define carbocation

A

Intermediate formed during electrophilic addition, where an organic molecule has a positively charged carbon atom

62
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what product forms if a reactant is a halogen?

A

Dihalogen alkane

63
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what conditions if a reactant is a halogen?

A

None specific

64
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what product forms if a reactant is water?

A

Alcohol

65
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what conditions are needed if a reactant is water?

A

-Phosphoric acid
-High temperature
-High pressure

66
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what product forms if a reactant is a hydrogen-halide?

A

Halogenalkane

67
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what product forms if a reactant is a hydrogen-halide?

A

Halogenalkane

68
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what conditions are needed if a reactant is a halogen?

A

None specific

69
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what product forms if a reactant is hydrogen?

A

Alkane

70
Q

In electrophilic addition mechanisms, what conditions are needed if a reactant is hydrogen?

A

-Nickel catalyst
-60°C
-High pressure

71
Q

What must be on a electrophilic addition mechanism diagram?

A

-Full charges
-Partial charges (δ+, δ-)
-Arrow start and ends

AS Chemistry (2 decks)

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