Topic 2: Definitions

Question 1

Oxidation

Answer 1

Losing electrons

OIL - oxidation is losing

Question 2

Reduction

Answer 2

Gaining electrons

RIG - reduction is gaining

Question 3

Anode

Answer 3

Negative electrode where oxidation occurs

An Ox - Anode Oxidation

Question 4

Cathode

Answer 4

Positive electrode where reduction occurs

Red Cat - Reduction Cathode

Question 5

Acid-base reaction

Answer 5

Neutralisation double-replacement reaction
acid + base ⇌ water + salt
side notes:
Acid - hydrogen-containing substance capable of donating a proton or hydrogen ions
Base - donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution
Reversible - ⇌
Water - H2O
Salt - ionic bond (M+NM)

Question 6

Acid

Answer 6

Ions/compounds that donate protons (H+) and accepts electrons

hydrogen-containing substance capable of donating a proton or hydrogen ions (H+)
HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, HS3O3 (no need to memorise)

Question 7

Base

Answer 7

Ions/compounds that accept protons (H+)

Donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution

Question 8

Strong acids and bases

Answer 8

Strong acids easily donate protons

Strong bases easily accept protons

Question 9

Amphoteric

Answer 9

Is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid or base

e.g. H20

Question 10

Conjugate acids and bases

Answer 10

e.g. HCl + NH3 → NH4+ + Cl-

Conjugate acid - similar structure to the base but with an additional hydrogen (NH4+)
Conjugate base - similar structure to the acid but with a removed hydrogen (Cl-)

Question 11

Ionisation

Answer 11

Electrically neutral atoms are converted to electrically charged atoms (ions).

Question 12

acid + water reaction

Answer 12

Ionisation reaction

HX + H2O → H3O+ + X-

Question 13

Monoprotic acids (didn’t learn but might be important to know)

Answer 13

Have one proton (hydrogen) available to donate in a chemical reaction.
e.g. HCl (only one hydrogen is available to donate)

Question 14

Polyprotic acids (didn’t learn but might be important to know)

Answer 14

Have more than one proton available to donate in a chemical reaction.

Question 15

Stoichiometry

Answer 15

Predicts the quantities of reactants consumed and produced in an acid-base reaction

Question 16

Limiting reagent/reactant

Answer 16

Reactant in a chemical reaction that runs out first

controls the rate of reaction or amount of product that can be made

Question 17

Excess reagent/reactant

Answer 17

Reactant that is not completely used up in a chemical reaction