Topic 2: Changing Political Relations Flashcards
1920-30
When does Gandhi become INC leader
December 1920
When does Gandhi start the second satyagraha
December 1920
The INC voted in support of the non cooperation movement
When and why does Jinnah leave the INC
December 1920
He disagreed with the non-cooperation movement, insisting that official negotiations be held
Gandhi’s Hindu revival campaign alienated many Muslims, contributing to the rise of the ML
What was declared the ultimate aim of the INC after Gandhi became the leader
swaraj
Gave them 1 year to achieve this, wildly unrealistic but continued to gain support from the masses, rather than just the elite
Non-violent protests made it hard for the British to repress and made it easy for the average citizen to participate
Gandhi declared that Britain no longer had the moral right to rule after Amritsar
2nd satyagraha
Boycotts in courts and schools
Swadeshi lifestyle: becoming self sufficient and not relying on British goods
30,000 arrested
Tanzeem and Tabligh
Began in early 1923
Meant to strengthen Muslim communities as the INC was no longer seen as appropriate to represent the will of Muslim minorities
When did communal violence first break out during the 2nd satyagraha
July 1921
Chauri Chaura
5th February 1922
600 killed in small scale riots, defying ahimsa
Martial law introduced with troops from the Provincial government
22 policemen burnt and beaten to death
12th Feb: Gandhi appealed to end the satyagraha, going on a hunger strike
18th March 1922
Gandhi sentenced to 6 years in prison, released early in February 1924
When was the Congress working committee formed
April 1924
Khilafat movement
Supported by Gandhi, leading many Muslims to join the satyagraha. Jinnah opposed this and claimed it was causing a divide within the Muslims
Created to support the Caliph, the Sultan of Turkey who was removed from power following the end of WW1
Collapsed in January 1924
ML Conference in Delhi
1927
Jinnah convinced the ML to make a proposal to the INC
To end support for separate electorates for a guaranteed 1/3 of seats in a future Parliament, as well as the creation of a singular Muslim state
Rejected by the INC in March 1927
Young Hooligans
Subhas Chandra Bose
Jawaharlal Nehru (close to Gandhi)
Jayaprakesh Narayan
Demanded purna swaraj, regarded as radicals by Gandhi for not accepting Dominion status
Emerged in September 1927
Nehru report
Motilal Nehru and Bahdur Sapru
First constitution written only by Indians
Suggested Dominion status on the same terms as other white self governed countries within the empire
Endorsed by the INC, rejected by the Young Hooligans and Jinnah
August 1928
Simon Commission
SoS Lord Birkenhead moved the review of the 1919 GOIA to an earlier date in time for the British General election
Sent an investigation headed by Sir John Simon to investigate the 1919 GOIA and see for any recommendations
None of the group were Indian. INC and ML both refused to cooperate with the commission
Spoke to minorities
Basically did nothing, and Labour proceeded to win the election
Jinnah’s 14 Points
Another attempt at rapproachement
Plan to guarantee the protection of Muslim rights in the case of swaraj
Yet again rejected by the INC in March 1929, further deepening the divide as Jinnah left for London
Reattempt at the 1/3 seats
Separate electorates
Creation of Sindh as a separate state
super unrealistic
Irwin Declaration
31 October 1929
Declared that Dominion status was the natural progression of the GOIA
Extension of the Montagu Declaration
Invited representatives to the RTCs to discuss constitutional matters that would satisfy all parties
Gandhi’s response to the Irwin Declaration
The RTCs would be ‘political suicide’, being on foreign soil and being forced to accept their agenda
Gandhi arrested after refusing the invite
Lahore Congress
Gandhi threatened another satyagraha in December 1928 if not for Dominion status
Nehru: new President of the INC declared purna swaraj with the Young Hooligans
Nominated 26 January 1930 as ‘Independence day’, leading to further non cooperation and support for radical movements led by Subhas Chandra Bose
Salt Satyagraha
12 March to 6 April 1930
Marched 400km from Ahmedabad Dandi in Gujarat
Protest against British monopoly on salt
One of his most successful campaigns
60,000 imprisoned
British response to the salt satyagraha
Imprisoned 20,000 protestors on the Viceroy’s order (Irwin)
Arrested Gandhi on the 4th May
Aftermath of the salt march
Gandhi’s arrest triggered hartals across India
Arrested the entire CWC in June
Ignored the declaration of independence
Led to a stalemate by 1930
