Topic 2- Cellular Structure & Function

Question 1

Describe Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Majority of all other life forms including plants, fungi, animals

Eukaryote cells are complex. They consist of a nucleus and numerous membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Describe the plasma membrane

Answer 2

Is a flexible structure that surrounds the cell. It controls transfer of materials between cells and their extracellular surroundings.

Question 3

Describe prokaryotes

Answer 3

First life form to exist

They have a DNA but no nucleus

Few organelles

Are generally the smallest cell

Question 4

Describe an organelle

Answer 4

Are cell organs

Question 5

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 5

The nucleus contains DNA, RNA and controls cell division.

It also controls the metabolic activity of a cell through proteins

Question 6

Describe the role of Mitochondria

Answer 6

Allows the use of oxygen to ‘burn’ glucose creating ATP. This is then used to power cellular reactions.

Prokaryotes lack capacity to do this

Question 7

Describe what Endoplasmic Reticulum is

Answer 7

Is a group of intracellular membranes.

Protein synthesis occurs in the rough ER

Steroid and fat synthesis occurs in the smooth ER

Transports proteins within cells and to the cell membrane for export

Question 8

Describe the Golgi apparatus

Answer 8

Is an organelle that consists of layers of flattened sacs

It processes products from the ER and either releases them to various parts of the cells cytoplasm or secretes them to outside of the cell

Question 9

Describe lysosomes

Answer 9

Lysosomes contain powerful enzymes capable of demolishing other cells bacteria and DNA/RNA

Question 10

Describe cytoplasm

Answer 10

A cytoplasm of a cell is dynamic, it changes shape and moves material around the cell due to the presents of filaments

Question 11

Describe DNA

Answer 11

Holds the code for life (Chromosomes)

Replicates itself into new cells

Question 12

Define mRNA

Answer 12

It copies the DNA code and moves it outside the nucleus to the ribosomes

Question 13

Describe tRNA

Answer 13

Is used to transfer amino acids to the ribosomes and binds to the mRNA therefore creating strings of amino acids, which forms proteins

Question 14

Describe proteins scientifically

Answer 14

Proteins in the form of enzymes, control the metabolic processes of life directly

Question 15

How many chromosomes in a body?

Answer 15

23 pairs

Or

46 chromosomes

Question 16

Define polypeptides

Answer 16

A strand of multiple Amino acids.

1 protein is composed of hundreds of amino acids conjoined

Question 17

3 types of RNA

Answer 17

1. Messenger (mRNA)
2. Transfer (tRNA)
3. Ribosomal (rRNA)

Question 18

Explain the process of DNA to RNA to Proteins (broad)

Answer 18

DNA holds the basic code for protein production but never leaves the Nucleus.

So the RNA carries the messages of the DNA in order to produce protein

Question 19

When DNA is split, a replication of DNA strands is needed. What coded strands match with what?

Answer 19

G-C

A-T

Question 20

Define ATP

Answer 20

Also known as Adenosine Tri-phosphate.

Is found in the muscle. It activates/creates energy when blood and oxygen goes to a muscle.

It is produced by cellular respiration in the Mitochondria and is used for energy. Once the cell is oxygenated the Mitochondria produces ATP

Question 21

Define epithelial tissue

Answer 21

Cover or lining all surfaces, internal or external

Question 22

Glandular cell

Answer 22

Makes and secretes products either to the outside or into the interstitium for dissemination via blood

Question 23

Desmosomes

Answer 23

physically hold cells together; common where wear and tear occurs (skin)

Question 24

Gap junctions

Answer 24

Refers to a gap linking (not separating) the cells

Question 25

Tight junctions

Answer 25

Interlocking proteins holding everything together. Allows movement of materials around/between junctions

Question 26

Connective tissue

Answer 26

Supports, binds, protects other tissues

Bones, tendons, fat

Question 27

4 types of tissue

Answer 27

Nervous
Muscle
Epithelial
Connective

Question 28

Nervous tissue

Answer 28

Internal communication

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 29

Muscle tissue

Answer 29

Contracting muscles to result in movement

Attached to bones (skeletal)
Heart (cardiac muscles)
Walls of hollow organs (smooth)

Question 30

Epithelial tissue

Answer 30

Forms boundaries between different environments

Protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

Skin surface (epidermis)
Lining of gastro intestinal (Gi) tract organs

Question 31

Collagen and Elastin

Answer 31

Collagen- comprised of esp. Tough protein strings

Elastin- more elastic protein molecule

Question 32

Cartilage

Answer 32

Collagen fibres imbedded in a firm gel like ground substance which provides rigidness

Question 33

What are the 3 major cartilage

Answer 33

1. Hyaline
2. Fibro cartilage
3. Elastic cartilage

Question 34

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 34

Located on the end of long bones
(Nose, trachea, larynx)

Supports and reinforces

Question 35

Fibrocartilage

Answer 35

Compressive pad for spine

Question 36

What does bone marrow produce?

Answer 36

Red blood cells

Question 37

Articulate cartilage

Answer 37

Allows movement

Question 38

Neurons

Answer 38

Transmit rapid electric signals within the central nervous system

Question 39

Nerve cells act like…

Answer 39

Sensors

Question 40

Microglial cell

Answer 40

Gets rid of waste in brain

Question 41

Epididymal cell

Answer 41

Move fluid around the brain and spine

Question 42

Oligodendrocyte (to do with nerves)

Answer 42

Makes signals move fast

Question 43

Cytoskeleton

Structure

Answer 43

Structure:

• Plasma membrane
• ER
• Ribosomes
• Microfilaments and intermediate filaments
• Microtubule
• Mitochondrion

Question 44

Cytoskeleton

Use

Answer 44

Use:

• Cell shape
• Anchoring points
• Cell division
• Movement