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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells (SL) > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells (SL) Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

A

Controls entry and exit of substances (active transport)

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1
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Protective outer layer to stop damage and bursting if internal pressure is too high

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2
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Contains enzymes that catalyse the reactions of metabolism and contains DNA in the nucleoid

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3
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

Hair like structures a projecting from the cell wall that can be ratcheted in and out; when connected to another bacterial cell they can pull cells together

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4
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Solid protein structures with a corkscrew shape that rotate and cause locomotion

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5
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesise proteins by translating mRNA. Some stay in the cell and some are secreted

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleoid?

A

Region of cytoplasm containing naked DNA

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7
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Store digestive enzymes

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8
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes proteins before secretion

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores the genetic material

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10
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Carries out aerobic respiration

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11
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)?

A

Synthesises proteins for secretion from the cell

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12
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Hormone binding sites

A

Site exposed on outside of membrane allowing a specific hormone to bind. A signal is transmitted to the inside of the cell

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13
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Enzymes

A

Catalyse reactions inside or outside the cell depending on the location of the active site

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14
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Channels for passive transport

A

Each channel allows one specific substance to pass through

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15
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Pumps for active transport

A

Pumps release energy from ATP and use it to remove specific substances across the membrane

16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, as a result of the random motion of particles

17
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Substances move between the phospholipid molecules in the membrane

18
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel proteins cause particles to move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

20
Q

Describe the process of active transport

A
  1. Particle enters the pump from the side with lower concentration
  2. Particle binds to a specific site
  3. Energy from ATP is used to change the shape of the pump
  4. Particle is released on the side with higher concentration and the pump returns to its original shape
21
Q

Describe the process of endocytosis

A
  1. Part of the plasma membrane is pulled inwards
  2. A droplet of fluid becomes enclosed when a vesicle pinched off
  3. Vesicles can then move through the cytoplasm carrying their contents
22
Q

Describe the process of exocytosis

A
  1. Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane
  2. The contents of the vesicle are expelled
  3. The membrane then flattens out again
23
Q

Roles of the plant cell wall

A
  • Maintain the cell’s shape
  • Allow high pressure to build up inside without bursting - this prevents excessive water uptake by osmosis and makes the cell almost rigid to support the plant
24
Q

Roles of glycoproteins

A
  • Support single layers of thin cells which might otherwise tear
  • Cell to cell adhesion
25
Q

Describe the cell cycle in eukaryotes

A

Interphase ➡️ Mitosis

OR

G1, S phase, G2 ➡️ Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

26
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The process of dividing the cytoplasm to form two cells

27
Q

1.) Early prophase

A

Chromosomes become shorter and fatter by supercoiling

Spindle microtubules grow

28
Q
  1. Late prophase
A

Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids formed by DNA replication in interphase and held together by a centromere
Spindle microtubules extend from each pole to the equator

29
Q
  1. Metaphase
A

The nuclear membrane has broken down and chromosome have moved to the equator
Spindle microtubules from both poles are attached to each centromere on opposite sides

30
Q
  1. Anaphase
A

The centromeres divide and the chromatids become chromosomes

Spindle microtubules pull the genetically identical chromosomes to opposite poles

31
Q
  1. Early telophase
A

All chromosomes have reached the poles and nuclear membranes form around them
Spindle microtubules break down

32
Q
  1. Late telophase
A

Chromosomes uncoil and are no longer individually visible

The cell divides (cytokinesis) to form two cells with genetically identical nuclei

33
Q

Uses of mitosis

A

Growth
Embryonic development
Repair of damaged tissues
Asexual reproduction

Biology (5 decks)

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