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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores - allow RNA to leave
Nuclear envelope - keep DNA contained
Chromatin - genetic information
Nucleolus - makes RNA
Nuclearplasm

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2
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Make spindle fibres for cell division

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3
Q

What does the roughy endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Site of protein synthesis, packages proteins into vesicles

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4
Q

What kind of ribosomes are present in animal cells and what do they do?

A

80s ribosomes - site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Makes and packages lipids and carbohydrates into vesicles

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6
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Modifies and packages molecules from SER and RER into either a secretory vesicles or a lysosome

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7
Q

What are lysosomes and secretory vesicles?

A

Lysosome - stores hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis
Secretory vesicles - fuses with cell membrane and releases contents (exocytosis)

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8
Q

What is the cell wall in a plant cell?

A

Made up of cellulose and pectin
Completely permeable
Prevents cell from bursting under osmotic pressure

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9
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

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10
Q

What does the large permanent vacuole in a plant cell do?

A

Stores water and pigment etc
Maintains turgidity

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11
Q

What are amyloplasts and chloroplasts?

A

Amyloplast - storage of starch
Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
They can become each other

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12
Q

What are the components in a mitochondrion?

A

70s ribosomes
Plasmids
Matrix - contains enzymes for respiration
Outer membrane
Inner membrane - tightly folded into cristae to increase SA
Cristae - structure of inner membrane

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13
Q

What are the components of chloroplasts?

A

Starch grains - to become an amyloplast
Plasmid
70s ribosomes
Stroma (the chloroplasts cytoplasm)
Granum- stacked thylakoid membranes
Lamella - link granum together

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14
Q

What is the flagellum for in bacteria cells?

A

Locomotion and movement

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15
Q

What is the pila for in bacteria cells?

A

Enable interactions with host - for adherence to surfaces

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of DNA in bacteria cells?

A

Plasmid DNA - contains genes and help bacteria survive adverse conditions
Circular DNA - contains genetic information

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17
Q

What kind of ribosomes are in bacteria cells?

A

70s ribosomes

18
Q

What is the mucilaginous slime capsule for in bacteria cells?

A

Protection and preventing desiccation and prevents phagocytosis

19
Q

What is the capsid in viruses?

A

A protein coat

20
Q

What is in the capsid in viruses?

A

Nucleic acid
Reverse transcriptase (only in retroviruses(with RNA))

21
Q

What are attachment proteins in viruses for?

A

Identify and attach to host cells

22
Q

What are the components of viruses?

A

Attachment proteins
Lipid envelope
Matrix proteins
Matrix
Capsid
Nucleic acid
Reverse transcriptase

23
Q

How do DNA viruses replicate?

A

Attach to receptors on host cell
Inject Nucleic acid which then inserts into chromosomes
Ribosomes then make viral proteins which form new viruses
New viruses burst cell and spread

24
Q

How do retroviruses replicate?

A

Attaches to host cell
Inserts Nucleic acid and reverse transcriptase which makes DNA copy of viral DNA
This is inserted into chromosomes
Proteins make viral proteins
New viruses burst cell and spread

25
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A

All DNA is replicated
Circular DNA molecules attach to plasma membrane
Cell elongates to separate circular DNA
Cell cleaves in two identical daughter cells

26
Q

What are the five stages of the cell cycle?

A

Gap 1
Synthesis - all 3 = interphase
Gap 2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

27
Q

What happens in gap 1 and 2 of mitosis

A

Protein synthesis
Cytoplasm grows
Energy stores increase
ATP synthesis
Organelles replicate

28
Q

What happens in synthesis?

A

Semi conservative DNA replication

29
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

30
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become shorter and thicker
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down
Centrioles move to opposite poles and form spindle fibres

31
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Spindle fibres complete
Each centromere attaches to a spindle fibre from each pole
Chromosomes line up on equator

32
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres contract and shorten
Centromeres split
Chromosomes split
Chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles centromere first

33
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Identical sister chromatids real poles and unwind to become chromosomes
New nuclear envelopes forms

34
Q

What are the components of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Intrinsic proteins
Extrinsic proteins
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins

35
Q

What is the use of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

It is impermeable to most substances e.g. polar molecules (glucose and amino acids) and ions (are repelled by hydrophobic FA tails)
It is permeable to lipid soluble molecules and small uncharged molecules (O2 + CO2)

36
Q

What is the use of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

Dissolved into FA tails
Helps stabilise membrane
Makes less fluid at higher temperatures

37
Q

What intrinsic proteins do ions travel through?

A

Intrinsic channel proteins
Travel using facilitated diffusion

38
Q

What intrinsic proteins do polar molecules travel through?

A

Intrinsic carrier proteins
Travel using facilitated diffusion

39
Q

What are the uses of glycolipids glycoproteins and extrinsic proteins in cell membranes?

A

Cell markers (antigens)
Receptors

40
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Prevents substances passing through
Separates contents of cells
Allows certain substances through
Cell signalling

Biology (2 decks)

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