Topic 2 - Cells Flashcards
what are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells
cytoplasm containing membrane-bound organnelles. DNA enclosed in a nucleus
what general structures does a eukaryotic cell have
cell surface membrane
mitochondrion
nucleus
ribosomes
RER
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome
what general structures does a plant cell have
cell surface membrane
mitochondrion
nucleus
ribosomes
RER
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome
chloroplast - plants, algae
cell wall - plants, fungi, algae
cell vacuole - plants only
describe the structure of cell-surface membrane
hydrophillic phosphate heads which are attracted to water
hydrophobic fatty acid tails which repell water
known as a phospholipid bilayer with proteins
describe the function of cell-surface membrane
selectively permeable - enables control of passage of substances in and out of the cell
molecules/receptors/antigens on the surface which allow for cell recognition/signalling
describe the structure of the nucleus
nuclear envelope - double membrane and nuclear pores (3000) which allow large molecules to enter/leave the nucleus e.g. mRNA
outer membrane of the nucleus is usually continuous with membrane of RER
nuceloplasm - aqueous, granular, jelly-like material
possesses a nucleolus
protein/histone-bound linear DNA with condensed chromatins and highly condensed chromosomes
describe the function of the nucleus
holds/stores the genetic information which codes for polypeptides
site of DNA replication
site of transcription producing mRNA
nucleolus makes ribosomes/rRNA
describe the structure of a ribosome
made of riboisomal RNA and protein - consists of 2 subunits
not a membrane bound organelle
eukaryote - 80S ribosomes
prokaryotes - 70S ribosomes
describe the function of a ribosome
site of protein synthesis - translation
describe the structure of RER
3D system of tubules and flattened sacs called cristernae
posses a single membrane with ribosomes embedded w/n it to give a ‘rough’ appearance
describe the function of RER
provides a large surface area for the synthesis, storage and trasnport of proteins and glycoproteins.
ribosomes synthesis the proteins, proteins are processed, folded, tranported inside RER, packaged into vesicles for transport
describe the structure of SER
3D system of tubules and cisternae [flattened sacs]
posses a single membrane
describe the function of SER
provides a large SA for synthesis,storage and transport of lipids and carbohydrates
describe the strucutre of golgi apparatus and golgi vesicles
stakcs of flattened sacs called cisternae with small membrane sacs called vesicles
more compact compared to SER
describe the function of golgi apparatus
modifies protein, adds carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins
modifies lipids - adds carbohydrates to make glygolipids
packages proteins/lipids into golgi vesicles
produces lysosomes - type of golgi vesicle
describe the function of the golgi vesicle
transports proteins/lipids to their required destination
e.g. moves to and fuses with cell surface membrane
ddeliers contents outside cell via exocytosis
describe the structure of lysosomes
vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes
describe the function of lysosomes
to release hydrolytic enzymes to break down/hydrolyse pathogens or worn out cell compoenents
describe the structure of mitochondria
outer membrane and inner membrane folded into many cristae. has a matrix containing 70S ribosomes and circular DNA
describe the function of mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP for energy relase e.g. for protein synthesis
describe the structure of chloroplasts in plants and algae
double membrane organelle with stroma as a aqueous granular jelly like liquid, contains thykaloid membrane, 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, starch granules. has lamella which are thylakoid lining grana. grana are stacks of thykaloid
describe the function of chloroplasts in plants and algae
absorbs light energy for photosynthesis to produce organic substances
describe the structure of cell wall in plants, algae, fungi
plants/algea - composed mainly of cellulose
fungi - composed of chitin
describe the structure of cell vacuole in plants
tonoplast membrane with cell sap inside