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Biology > Topic 2: Cells > Flashcards

Topic 2: Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain..

A

Nucleus
Ribosomes
RER and SER
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell surface membrane

(Plant only): Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain..

A

Cytoplasm
Cell surface membrane
Cell wall
Capsule*
Plasmids*
Flagella*
DNA

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3
Q

Compare eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

Both have cell surface membrane
Both have cytoplasm

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4
Q

Contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus containing DNA, prokaryotic do not
- prokaryotic DNA floats freely in cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles, prokaryotic do not
Prokaryotic cells may contain plasmids/flagella/capsule, eukaryotic do not
Eukaryotic cells have larger (80S) ribosomes, prokaryotic cells have smaller (70S) ribosomes

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5
Q

Compare and contrast a plant cell and a prokaryotic cell

A

Both have a cell wall, however plant cell wall is made of cellulose and prokaryotic cell wall is made of murein.
Both have ribosomes however plant cell has larger ribosomes than prokaryotic cell
Both have cytoplasm
Plant cell has nucleus, prokaryotic cell does not
Plant cell has chloroplasts, prokaryotic cell does not
Prokaryotic cell has plasmids, plant cell does not

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6
Q

Contrast specifically prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

A

Prokaryotic DNA floats freely in cytoplasm: it is short, circular and not associated with proteins
Eukaryotic DNA is in nucleus: it is long, linear and associated with proteins called histones.
- DNA coiled around histone = chromosome

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7
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast DNA

A

Similar to prokaryotic DNA (short circular and not associated with proteins)

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8
Q

Nucleus (structure and function)

A

S: Surrounded by nuclear envelope, containing nuclear pores. Contains a nucleolus, and chromosomes (DNA + histones)
F: Site of DNA replication, site of transcription.
Nucleolus makes ribosomes.

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

S: Have a double membrane, inner membrane (folded) = cristae, matrix
F: Site of aerobic respiration; ATP production.

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10
Q

Chloroplast

A

S: Double membrane, has thylakoid membranes inside: stacked to form grana. Contains stroma.
F: Site of photosynthesis. Thylakoids = LDR, stroma = LIR

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus + vesicles

A

S: membrane-bound fluid-filled flattened sacs, with smaller sacs called vesicles
F: transport, modify and store lipids and proteins, form lysosomes

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12
Q

Lysosomes

A

S: Vesicle, contains enzymes
F: Lysozymes work in phagocytosis to hydrolyse pathogen
Digest worn out organelles

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

S: protein + rRNA
F: protein synthesis

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

S: Covered in ribosomes
F: protein synthesis, folding and processing of proteins

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid/carbohydrate synthesis

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16
Q

Cell wall

A

Plants: cellulose
Fungi: chitin
Prokaryotic: murein

Structural strength

17
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled w/ fluid, surrounded by a single membrane: a tonoplast
Makes cells turgid, temporary store of sugars and amino acids

18
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer, proteins embedded (fluid mosaic)
Regulates the movement of substances into and out of cell (partially permeable)

19
Q

Why fluid mosaic?

A

Fluid: movement of phospholipids
Mosaic: proteins embedded (vary in shapes and sizes)

20
Q

CSM proteins

A

Extrinsic: don’t span entire membrane, on either side
Intrinsic: span entire membrane. Include carrier and channel proteins.

Proteins can act as receptors, some proteins have a carbohydrate attached (glycoproteins)

21
Q

Glycoproteins, glycolipids and cholesterol

A

Glycoproteins/lipids: cell signalling and recognition
Cholesterol: reduce fluidity, restrict lateral movement of phospholipids

22
Q

Phospholipids bilayer

A

Hydrophilic heads: attract water, face outwards
Hydrophobic tails: repel water, face inwards

Water soluble, polar, large substances cannot diffuse through
- require carrier/channel proteins to be transported across membrane
Lipid soluble, non polar, small substances can diffuse through

23
Q

Temperature and membranes

A

Temperature affects how much the phospholipids can move, which affects permeability and structure.

24
Q

Below 0 degrees…

A

Phospholipids lack energy, not much movement.
Packed closely together, membrane is rigid

Carrier and channel proteins denature: increases permeability of membrane.

25
Q

Between 0 and 45 degrees…

A

Phospholipids can move, not as tightly packed.
Membrane is partially permeable.
Temp increases = more movement because more energy, this increases permeability

26
Q

Above 45 degrees…

A

Phospholipids bilayer breaks down, membrane becomes more permeable.
Water inside cell expands, putting pressure on membrane.
Channel and carrier proteins denature: increases permeability of membrane.

27
Q

Water is polar. Why can it still diffuse through the membrane by osmosis?

A

Because it is so small: small molecules can diffuse through.

28
Q

Cell organisation

A

Cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ system

29
Q

Define
A) tissue
B) organ
C) organ system

A

A) group of (similar) cells working together to perform a particular function
B) different tissues work together to perform a particular function
C) different organs work together to perform a particular function

30
Q

Example of cell organisation: the stomach

A

Epithelial cells -> form epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue works together with muscular and glandular tissue to form the stomach (organ)
Stomach works with other organs such as small intestine, makes up the digestive system (organ system)

31
Q

If a cell requires/makes:
A) lots of energy
B) lots of proteins
What organelles will it need a lot of?

A

Mitochondria (Produce ATP, release energy)
Ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)

32
Q

Sperm cells and muscles cells require lots of which organelle?

A

Lots of mitochondria to release energy for movement towards the egg (sperm) and contraction (muscles)

33
Q

Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen. They have no nucleus to create more room for haemoglobin, which carries oxygen, so there is more room for more oxygen.

Biology (9 decks)

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