Topic 2 - Bonding, Sturcture And Properties Of Matter Flashcards
What makes an ion
This is when electrons are transferred - both lost and gained
What are atoms with full outer shells naturally
The noble gases (group 0)
How metals and non metals from ions/what ions do they make
Hint: differently
Metals almost always lose electrons to create positive ions
Non metals always gain electrons to make negative ions
What elements are the most ready to form ions?
Group 1, 2,6 and 7
What do elements in the same group have in common when forming ions
They have the same amount of outer electrons, so they lose the same amount or gain the same amount. So they also have the same charges
Describe ionic bonding
Metal and non metal
Metal loses electrons
Non - metals gain electrons
Strongly attracted by electrostatic forces as oppositely charged
What makes the ionic bond stay together
As the metal and non metal’s become oppositely charged they have a strong electrostatic force
How is ionic bonding represented
Dot and cross diagrams
Not sharing, but switching the electrons around
Try and draw all the shells
What structure do ionic compounds have
It is called giant ionic lattice
Describe boiling and melting points of ionic compounds
High boiling and melting points
What holds ionic compounds together
The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions
What is a empirical formula
The symbol equation
E.g
K2O
Electrical conductivity of ionic compounds
When solid - held in place so no
When liquid (when they melt) - ions are free to move so can carry electrical current
Also when in an aqueous solution - ions are free to move in the solution, so they can carry electric currents
Factors of covalent bonding
Non - metal atoms bond together by sharing electrons to make covalent bonds
Why are covalent bonds strong
Electrostatic bonds from positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms
They are very strong
How are covalent bonds drawn
Dot and cross diagrams (electrons in the overlap are shared)
3D models
Displayed formula e.g NH4
H
|
H-N-H
|
HProperties of simple covalent substances
ATOMS are Held together by very strong covalent bonds, but the forces of attraction between the MOLECULES are very weak
Only need to break the attraction of the molecules, so very low melting and boiling points
Most are gases or liquids at room temperature
As they get bigger, the intermolecular force increases, so become harder to break, and melting and boiling point increases
Don’t conduct
What is a polymer and how strong are they
They are long chains of repeating units
Very strong because of strong covalent bonds
What are polymers made up of
Lots of small units, linked together to form a long molecule that has repeating sections
What is the repeating unit of the polymer
One part of a long polymer molecule which can be drawn rather than all of the long polymer molecule
What are giant covalent structures
All atoms are bonded to each other by strong covalent bonds
They have high melting and boiling points
Don’t conduct ever (except for graphite)
Three giant covalent bonds (allotropes of carbon) and their facts
Diamond: Made of carbon
Each carbon atom forms FOUR covalent bonds in a very rigid giant covalent bond. Very hard, high melting and boiling points
Doesn’t conduct
Graphite:
THREE covalent bonds to create layers of hexagons. Each carbon atom has one DELOCALISED electron so CAN CONDUCT
Soft and slippery
One free delocalised electron
Silicon dioxide:
What sand is made of
Each grain of sand is one giant structure of silicon and oxygen
Give 4 giant covalent structures
Diamond Graphite Graphene Fullerenes (buckminsterfullerene) Silicon
What type of structure is metallic bonding
A giant structure
Why is electrostatic attraction strong in metallic bonding
There are strong forces of electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and the shared negative electrons
Very strong
Factors of metallic bondings
Solid at room temperature
Good conductors
Most are malleable (they can be bent, hammered or rolled into flat sheets)
Alloys are harder than pure metals
What determines how strong the forces making states of matter
The material
The temperature
The pressure
What are the 4 state symbols
(S) - solid
(L) - liquid
(g) - gas
(aq) - aqueous solution
Give the four changes of state and what they change to
Melting - s to l
Boiling - l to g
Condensation - g to l
Freezing - l to s
