Topic 2 - Bonding, Sturcture And Properties Of Matter

Question 1

What makes an ion

Answer 1

This is when electrons are transferred - both lost and gained

Question 2

What are atoms with full outer shells naturally

Answer 2

The noble gases (group 0)

Question 3

How metals and non metals from ions/what ions do they make

Hint: differently

Answer 3

Metals almost always lose electrons to create positive ions

Non metals always gain electrons to make negative ions

Question 4

What elements are the most ready to form ions?

Answer 4

Group 1, 2,6 and 7

Question 5

What do elements in the same group have in common when forming ions

Answer 5

They have the same amount of outer electrons, so they lose the same amount or gain the same amount. So they also have the same charges

Question 6

Describe ionic bonding

Answer 6

Metal and non metal

Metal loses electrons
Non - metals gain electrons

Strongly attracted by electrostatic forces as oppositely charged

Question 7

What makes the ionic bond stay together

Answer 7

As the metal and non metal’s become oppositely charged they have a strong electrostatic force

Question 8

How is ionic bonding represented

Answer 8

Dot and cross diagrams

Not sharing, but switching the electrons around
Try and draw all the shells

Question 9

What structure do ionic compounds have

Answer 9

It is called giant ionic lattice

Question 10

Describe boiling and melting points of ionic compounds

Answer 10

High boiling and melting points

Question 11

What holds ionic compounds together

Answer 11

The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions

Question 12

What is a empirical formula

Answer 12

The symbol equation
E.g
K2O

Question 13

Electrical conductivity of ionic compounds

Answer 13

When solid - held in place so no
When liquid (when they melt) - ions are free to move so can carry electrical current
Also when in an aqueous solution - ions are free to move in the solution, so they can carry electric currents

Question 14

Factors of covalent bonding

Answer 14

Non - metal atoms bond together by sharing electrons to make covalent bonds

Question 15

Why are covalent bonds strong

Answer 15

Electrostatic bonds from positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms

They are very strong

Question 16

How are covalent bonds drawn

Answer 16

Dot and cross diagrams (electrons in the overlap are shared)
3D models 
Displayed formula e.g NH4
      H
       |
H-N-H
      | 
     H

Question 17

Properties of simple covalent substances

Answer 17

ATOMS are Held together by very strong covalent bonds, but the forces of attraction between the MOLECULES are very weak
Only need to break the attraction of the molecules, so very low melting and boiling points
Most are gases or liquids at room temperature
As they get bigger, the intermolecular force increases, so become harder to break, and melting and boiling point increases
Don’t conduct

Question 18

What is a polymer and how strong are they

Answer 18

They are long chains of repeating units

Very strong because of strong covalent bonds

Question 19

What are polymers made up of

Answer 19

Lots of small units, linked together to form a long molecule that has repeating sections

Question 20

What is the repeating unit of the polymer

Answer 20

One part of a long polymer molecule which can be drawn rather than all of the long polymer molecule

Question 21

What are giant covalent structures

Answer 21

All atoms are bonded to each other by strong covalent bonds
They have high melting and boiling points
Don’t conduct ever (except for graphite)

Question 22

Three giant covalent bonds (allotropes of carbon) and their facts

Answer 22

Diamond: Made of carbon
Each carbon atom forms FOUR covalent bonds in a very rigid giant covalent bond. Very hard, high melting and boiling points
Doesn’t conduct
Graphite:
THREE covalent bonds to create layers of hexagons. Each carbon atom has one DELOCALISED electron so CAN CONDUCT
Soft and slippery
One free delocalised electron
Silicon dioxide:
What sand is made of
Each grain of sand is one giant structure of silicon and oxygen

Question 23

Give 4 giant covalent structures

Answer 23

Diamond
Graphite
Graphene
Fullerenes (buckminsterfullerene)
Silicon

Question 24

What type of structure is metallic bonding

Answer 24

A giant structure

Question 25

Why is electrostatic attraction strong in metallic bonding

Answer 25

There are strong forces of electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and the shared negative electrons
Very strong

Question 26

Factors of metallic bondings

Answer 26

Solid at room temperature
Good conductors
Most are malleable (they can be bent, hammered or rolled into flat sheets)

Alloys are harder than pure metals

Question 27

What determines how strong the forces making states of matter

Answer 27

The material
The temperature
The pressure

Question 28

What are the 4 state symbols

Answer 28

(S) - solid
(L) - liquid
(g) - gas
(aq) - aqueous solution

Question 29

Give the four changes of state and what they change to

Answer 29

Melting - s to l
Boiling - l to g
Condensation - g to l
Freezing - l to s