Topic 2 | Bonding, Structure, and The Properties of Matter Flashcards
What are the three types of strong chemical bonds?
The three types of strong chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and metallic.
What happens during ionic bonding?
During ionic bonding, metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions, and non-metal atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions. This transfer of electrons occurs between metals and non-metals.
What is the structure of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds have a giant structure of ions held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. The structure is 3D, so the forces act in every direction.
What is covalent bonding?
Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. It is common in non-metallic elements and compounds of non-metals.
Describe metallic bonding.
Metallic bonding involves positive ions (atoms that have lost electrons) and delocalised electrons arranged in a regular pattern. The delocalised electrons are free to move through the structure, making metallic bonds strong.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between ions. They conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water because the ions are free to move, but not when solid.
What are the properties of substances made of small molecules?
Substances made of small molecules are usually gases or liquids with low melting and boiling points. They have weak intermolecular forces and do not conduct electricity.
What are the properties of polymers?
Polymers have very large molecules with strong covalent bonds between atoms. They are solids at room temperature due to relatively strong intermolecular forces.
What are giant covalent structures?
Giant covalent structures are solids with very high melting points, where all atoms are linked by strong covalent bonds. Examples include diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide.
What are the properties of metals and alloys?
Metals have high melting and boiling points due to strong metallic bonding. Alloys are harder than pure metals because the different-sized atoms distort the layers, making it harder for them to slide over each other.
What is the structure and properties of diamond?
In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms, forming a very hard structure with a high melting point. Diamond does not conduct electricity.
What is the structure and properties of graphite?
In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three others, forming layers of hexagonal rings. The layers can slide over each other, making graphite soft and slippery. Graphite conducts electricity due to delocalised electrons.
What is graphene?
Graphene is a single layer of graphite. It is very strong due to tightly bonded atoms and is elastic because the planes of atoms can flex without breaking. It is useful in electronics and composites.
What are fullerenes?
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes, based on hexagonal rings. The first discovered fullerene was Buckminsterfullerene (C60), which has a spherical shape.
What are carbon nanotubes?
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical fullerenes with high length-to-diameter ratios. They are useful in nanotechnology, electronics, and materials, such as reinforcing materials in tennis rackets.
What are nanoparticles?
Nanoparticles are 1-100 nanometers across and contain a few hundred atoms. They have a high surface area to volume ratio, which gives them different properties compared to bulk materials.
What are some uses of nanoparticles?
Nanoparticles are used as catalysts, in sensors, building materials, cosmetics, lubricant coatings, and small electrical circuits. They can also be used in drug delivery and as catalysts.
What are the limitations of the simple particle model?
The simple particle model assumes no forces between particles, represents all particles as solid spheres, and does not account for the actual shapes and sizes of particles.
What are the state symbols used in chemical equations?
The state symbols are: solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), and aqueous (aq).
Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?
Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat because the delocalised electrons in the metal can carry electrical charge and transfer thermal energy through the structure.
