Topic 2 – Bonding, Structure, and The Properties of Matter Flashcards
Coarse particles
Coarse particles (PM10) have diameters between 1 x 10-5 m and 2.5 x 10-6m. They are often referred to as dust.
Conductor
A material which contains charged particles which are free to move to carry
electrical or thermal energy.
Covalent bond
A shared pair of electrons between two non-metals.
Diamond
A giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form
four covalent bonds with four other carbon atoms.
Electrostatic forces
The strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Empirical formula
The smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound.
Fine particles
Fine particles (PM2.5) have diameters between 100 and 2500 nm (1 x 10-7 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m).
Fullerenes
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. The structures
are based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain rings with five or
seven carbon atoms.
Gas
The state of matter where the particles have the most energy. The particles in a gas are
relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions.
Graphene
A single layer of graphite with properties that make it useful in electronics and
composites.
Graphite
A giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form
three covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms, forming layers of hexagonal rings which
have no covalent bonds between the layers.
Ion
An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.
Ionic bond
A metal atom loses electron(s) to form a positively charged ion and a non-metal
gains these electron(s) to form a negatively charged ion. An ionic bond is formed between
the oppositely charged ions.
Ionic compound
Chemical compound formed of ions, held together by strong electrostatic
forces.
Intermolecular forces
The forces which exist between molecules. The strength of the
intermolecular forces impact physical properties like boiling/melting point.
Lattice
A repeating regular arrangement of atoms/ions/molecules. This arrangement occurs
in crystal structures.
Liquid
The state of matter where the particles are arranged randomly and close together
and are able to move past each other.
Metallic bond
The bonds present in metals between the positive metal ions and negatively
charged electrons.
Metals
Elements that react to form positive ions. Found to the left and towards the bottom of
the periodic table.
Molecular formula
The actual ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles have diameters between 1 nm to 100 nm in size.
Nanoparticles can exhibit properties different to those for the same material in bulk.
Nanoscience
Nanoscience refers to structures that are 1–100 nm in size, of the order of a
few hundred atoms.
Non-metals
Elements that react to form negative ions. Found towards the right and top of
the periodic table.
Particle theory
The theory which models the three states of matter by representing the
particles as small solid spheres. Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing
and condensing.
