Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry GCSE AQA > Topic 2 - Bonding, Structure And Properties Of Matter > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Bonding, Structure And Properties Of Matter Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

How is an ion formed?

A

When an atoms gains or loses electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why does the atom gain or lose electrons?

A

To have a stable, full outer shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do metals form negative or positive ions?

A

Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do non-metals Male negative or positive ions?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an ion’s charge if it has lost two electrons?

A

+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an ion’s charge if it has gained two electrons?

A

-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which groups are most likely to form ions? (4)

A

1, 2, 6, 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are positive ions also called?

A

Cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are negative ions also called?

A

Anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is similar about ions from the same group?

A

Same charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What elements bond in ionic bonding?

A

A metal and a non-metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in ionic bonding?

A

Transfer of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the electrons in ionic bonding?

A

Metals will lose them, and those electrons go to the non-metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a dot and cross diagram?

A

When electrons are represented as either dots or crosses depending on which element they are so they can be kept track of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the physical structure of an ionic compound?

A

Lattice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are the electrostatic forces in ionic compounds strong or weak?

A

Strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the melting and boiling points of all ionic compounds like and why?

A

High, because lots of energy is required to break the strong bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Can solid ionic compounds conduct electricity?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Can liquid ionic compounds conduct electricity?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do ionic compounds do in water?

A

Dissolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Can ionic compound and water solutions conduct electricity?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which elements bond covalently?

A

Non-metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

When electrons are shared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are covalent bonds strong?

A

Very

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which electrons are shared?

A

Those in the outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why do atoms form covalent?

A

To have stable, full outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the hydrogen molecule?

A

Two hydrogens forming a single covalent bond to get a full outer shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the chlorine molecule?

A

Two chlorine’s forming a single covalent bond to get full outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the oxygen molecule?

A

Two oxygens forming a double covalent bond to fill their outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a nitrogen molecule?

A

Two nitrogens, forming a triple covalent bond to get full outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a methane molecule?

A

One carbon and four hydrogen, forming four single covalent bond to achieve full outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a water molecule?

A

One oxygen and two hydrogen, forming two single covalent bonds to have full outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a hydrogen chloride molecule?

A

A hydrogen and a chlorine, forming a single covalent bond to get full outer shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the forces of attraction like within a covalent bond?

A

Strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the forces of attraction like between covalent molecules?

A

Weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the melting and boiling points of covalent molecule compounds like and why?

A

Low, because it doesn’t take much to break the weak forces of attraction between the individual molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What state are covalent molecule compounds usually in at room temperature?

A

Liquid or gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Do covalent molecule compounds conduct electricity?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain of repeating molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What state are polymers usually in at room temperature and why?

A

Solid, because they have stronger bonds between molecules than the simple covalent molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Giant covalent structures where all atoms are bonded to each other covalently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

So macromolecules have high or low boiling and melting points and why?

A

High, because they have strong bonds that require lots of energy to break

43
Q

What are the three main examples of macromolecules?

A

Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide

44
Q

What is an allotrope?

A

A different structural form of an element

45
Q

What is diamond an allotrope of?

A

Carbon

46
Q

How many bonds does each carbon atom make in diamond?

A

4

47
Q

Does diamond have a high or a low melting point?

A

High

48
Q

Can diamond conduct electricity?

A

No

49
Q

What is graphite an allotrope of?

A

Carbon

50
Q

How many bonds does each carbon atom form in graphite?

A

3

51
Q

What is the structure of graphite?

A

Hexagonal layers of carbon

52
Q

How are the layers held together?

A

Very weak bonds

53
Q

Does graphite have a high or low melting point?

A

High

54
Q

Can graphite conduct electricity?

A

Yes

55
Q

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

A

Because each carbon atom has one delocalised electron

56
Q

What is graphemes?

A

A single on of the layers of graphite

57
Q

What is graphenes used for?

A

Strengthening composite materials without adding much weight

58
Q

What are fullerenes?

A

Molecules of carbon that are shaped like tubes or hollow spheres

59
Q

What shapes are the carbon atoms usually arranged in? (3)

A

Pentagons, hexagons, heptagons

60
Q

What can fullerenes do to other molecules?

A

Cage or trap them

61
Q

What can fullerenes be used for?

A

Administering drugs

62
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

When electrons on the outer shell of metal atoms become delocalised

63
Q

What are the forces of attraction of metallic bonding like and why?

A

Strong, because the positive ions and delocalised electrons attract

64
Q

Why are metals almost always solids at room temperature?

A

The strong bonds require lots of energy to break

65
Q

Why can metals conduct heat and electricity so well?

A

Because of the delocalised electrons carrying the electrical current and thermal energy

66
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

Because the structure of metal is in layers which can slide across each other

67
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of different metals

68
Q

Why do we create alloys?

A

They are stronger than regular metals

69
Q

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

A

Because the extra atoms disrupt the layers and prevent sliding

70
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid and gas

71
Q

What are the forces of attraction within solids?

A

Strong

72
Q

What is the structure of a solid?

A

Lattice

73
Q

What do solids maintain?

A

Shape and volume

74
Q

What happens when a solid becomes hotter?

A

Particles vibrate within their fixed position

75
Q

What are the forces of attraction like within liquids?

A

Weak

76
Q

What is the structure of a liquid?

A

Particles are free to move around but stick close together

77
Q

What do liquids maintain?

A

Volume

78
Q

What changes almost constantly in liquids?

A

Shape

79
Q

What do liquid particles do normally?

A

Move randomly

80
Q

What do liquid particles do when heated?

A

Move faster

81
Q

What are the forces of attraction like within a gas?

A

Very weak

82
Q

What is the structure of a gas?

A

There is none, particles move freely

83
Q

How do gas particles travel?

A

In straight lines

84
Q

What do gases not maintain?

A

Shape or volume

85
Q

How do gas particles move?

A

Randomly and constantly

86
Q

What happens when gas particles are heated?

A

They move faster

87
Q

What do solids, liquids and gases all do when heated?

A

Expand

88
Q

What are two disadvantages of the particle theory model?

A

Atoms aren’t actually solid spheres, and you can’t see the forces of attraction

89
Q

What is the state symbol for a gas?

A

g

90
Q

What is the state symbol for a solid?

A

s

91
Q

What is the state symbol for a liquid?

A

l

92
Q

What is the state symbol for aqueous?

A

aq

93
Q

What does aqueous mean?

A

Dissolved in water

94
Q

What happens when thermal energy is added and particles vibrate more?

A

Bonds become weaker, and the substance either melts or evaporates

95
Q

What happens when thermal energy is lost and particles vibrate less?

A

More bonds begin to form between particles, so the substance condenses or freezes

96
Q

What is the range for the diameter of a nanoparticle?

A

1-100 nm

97
Q

What can nanoparticles be used for in chemical reactions?

A

Catalysts

98
Q

What can nanoparticles be used for in medicine?

A

Administering drugs

99
Q

What can nanoparticles be used for in computers?

A

In tiny electrical circuits for computer chips

100
Q

What can silver nanoparticles be used for?

A

Antibacterial purposed: making surgical masks and wounds dressings, and also in deodorants

101
Q

What can nanoparticles be used for in cosmetics?

A

Improving moisturisers

102
Q

Why are people skeptical of nanoparticles?

A

The effects on the body aren’t yet fully understood

103
Q

Why do people insist that nanoparticle products are clearly labelled?

A

So people can choose to use them in case they are skeptical

Chemistry GCSE AQA (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions