Topic 2: Bonding and Structure Flashcards
What is an ionic bond?
An electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is a covalent bond?
An electrostatic force of attraction between two positive nuclei and the shared negative electrons between them
What is a metallic bond?
An electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the negatively-charged sea of delocalised electrons
What is a lone pair?
(of electrons)
A pair of electrons not being used in covalent bonds
What is a dative covalent bond?
A covalent bond where both electrons in the ‘shared’ pair come from one of the atoms (which come from the lone pair in the atom!)
How are dative covalent bonds represented in the stick diagrams for covalent structures?
They are an arrow, from the atom from which the two electrons in the bond are from, to the other atom
Draw the Al2Cl6 molecule
(Should have two Al atoms and six Cl atoms, where the two Al atoms are not bonded to each other, but have two Cl atoms in common, and two Cl atoms each. The dative bonds are between the shared Cl atoms and one each of the Al atoms.)
Draw the NH4+ molecule
(Should have a central N atom, with three H atoms that are normal covalent bonds, and one H atom that is a dative covalent bond, where both electrons come from the N atom.)
Write the order of strength of repulsion between different kinds of electron pair.
- Lone pair - Lone pair
- Lone pair - Bonding pair
- Bonding pair - Bonding pair
How much more do double bonds repel than single bonds
None - they repel the same
How much more do lone pairs repel than a bonding pair
2.5 degrees more
2 electron pairs: 2 bond pairs around a central atom
Name: Linear
Bond angles: 180
3 electron pairs: 3 bond pairs around a central atom
Name: Trigonal Planar
Bond angles: 120
3 electron pairs: 2 bond pairs and 1 lone pair around a central atom
Name: Bent
Bond angle: 119
4 electron pairs: 4 bond pairs around a central atom
Name: Tetrahedral
Bond angles: 109.5
4 electron pairs: 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair around a central atom
Name: Trigonal pyramidal
Bond angles: 107
4 electron pairs: 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs
Name: Angular
Bond angles: 104.5
5 electron pairs: 5 bond pairs around a central atom
Name: Trigonal bipyramidal
Bond angles: 120 and 90
5 electron pairs: 4 bond pairs and 1 lone pair around a central atom
Name: See-saw
Bond angles: 117.5 and 87.5
5 electron pairs: 3 bond pairs and 2 lone pair around a central atom
Name: T-shaped
Bond angles: 87.5
6 electron pairs: 6 bond pairs around a central atom
Name: Octahedral
Bond angles: 90
6 electron pairs: 5 bond pairs and 1 lone pair around a central atom
Name: Square pyramidal
Bond angles: slightly less than 90
6 electron pairs: 4 bond pairs and 2 lone pair around a central atom
Name: Square planar
Bond angles: 90 (lone pair are on opposite sides and effectively balance each other out)
What is electronegativity?
The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond