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Biology > Topic 2: Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 2: Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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2
Q

What direction is the first hydroxyl group in alpha glucose?

A

Down

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3
Q

What direction is the first hydroxyl group in beta glucose?

A

Up

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4
Q

What bond is formed in the condensation reaction of two alpha glucose molecules?

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

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5
Q

What bond is formed in the condensation reaction of two beta glucose molecules?

A

Beta 1-2 glycosidic bond

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6
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

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7
Q

What type of reaction makes disaccharides?

A

Condensation

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8
Q

What two things form starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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9
Q

List the differences between amylopectin and amylose

A
  • amylose is a helix
  • amylopectin is branched
  • amylopectin has alpha 1-6 branches
  • amylopectin is hydrolysed/broken down quicker
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10
Q

True or False? Glycogen is similar to amylose

A

False it is branched so is similar to amylopectin

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11
Q

Benefit of glycogens structure?

A

It is heavily branched so can be very easily hydrolysed for energy

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12
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

poly (1-4) beta glucose

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13
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

A chain of B glucose, every alternate glucose is inverted, linked by hydrogen bonds forming cellulose microfibrils

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14
Q

Benefit of inverted Beta glucose in cellulose?

A

maximises number of hydrogen bonds making it stronger

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15
Q

Why do unsaturated lipids have a lower melting point?

A

weaker intermolecular forces made by the double bonds

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16
Q

What makes up a triglyceride?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

17
Q

What are triglycerides used for and why?

A

They are non-polar so used for storage, insulation and protection

18
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

2 fatty acid chains, glycerol, phosphate head

19
Q

What is formed when a phospholipid chain enters water?

A

A micelle

20
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

21
Q

What bond holds polypeptides together?

A

Peptide bond

22
Q

What is primary structure?

A

The amino acid sequence

23
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Folding of polypeptide to form alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

24
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

Further folding held by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds. making a protein globular or fibrous

25
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

2 or more polypeptide chains held together

26
Q

Give the features of haemoglobin

A
  • conjugated globular protein with all levels of protein structure
  • 4 globins with polar and non-polar R groups
  • 4 haem groups
  • 4 O2 molecules
  • compact globular protein
27
Q

What is the purpose of haemoglobin?

A

To bind loosely and reversibly to O2 molecules to transport it in blood forming oxyhaemoglobin

28
Q

What is the order of structure in collagen?

A

molecule - fibril - fibre

29
Q

Give 4 properties of collagen

A
  • fibrous protein
  • high tensile strength
  • insoluble
  • flexible
30
Q

What is a collagen molecule made up of?

A

Alpha chains in elongated helices creating a triple helix

31
Q

How are collagen helices bonded to make fibrils?

A

Covalently cross linked

32
Q

Why are collagen fibrils lined out in a staggered way?

A

To make sure there are no areas of weakness

33
Q

Give 5 properties of water

A
  • solvent
  • specific heat capacity
  • latent heat of vaporisation/fusion
  • denser as a liquid
  • cohesive forces
  • adhesive forces
  • a source of protons
  • salts ionise when dissolved in water
34
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of water?

A

4.2J per gram per degree

35
Q

What feature of water helps surface tension?

A

Cohesive forces

36
Q

What feature of water helps transpiration?

A

Adhesive forces

37
Q

Why does the latent heat of vaporisation help animals?

A

As water in the body evaporates as sweat the animal is cooled down as the evaporation removes the hot water from the body

Biology (4 decks)

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