Topic 2 A cell structure and division Flashcards
list all organelles of an animal cell
cell-surface membrane
nucleus
chromosomes
mitochondria
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
where is chromatin found
contained in the nucleaus
what are fungi cell walls made of
chitin
what is the structure of mitochondria (3 points)
contains an enzyme rich liquid known as the matrix
surrounded by a double membrane
with a folded inner membrane folded to form cristae
contains their own DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes
what is the function of the mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP
what is the structure of ribosomes (3 points)
made up of proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
consist of a large and a small subunit
not surrounded by membrane
what is the function of the ribosomes
site of protein synthesis involved in the process of translation
what is the structure of the golgi apparatus
contains fluid-filled membrane-bounds sacs known as cisternae
contain smaller vesicles
function of golgi apparatus
process and package lipids and proteins into vesicles
rough endoplasmic reticulum structure
contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space known as cisternae
the surface of the cisternae is covered with ribosomes making it
what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis, store and transport of lipids and carbohydrates
what is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space known as cisternae
what are the structures of lysosomes
contain hydrolytic enzymes
surrounded by a membrane to keep enzymes separate from the cytoplasm of the cell
what are the functions of lysosomes
enzymes breakdown macromolecules and recycle waste
what are eukaryotes
(mostly multicellular organisms made up of eukaryotic cells like animals, plants, fungi and protists
what are prokaryotes
single-celled organisms made up of prokaryotic cells like bacteria
what is the structure of the nucleus
contains genetic information in the form of chromosomes
contains a structure known as a nucleolus
surrounded by a nuclear envelope
what are the 5 subsections within the nucleus of a eukaryote
the nucleus envelope
nuclear pores
nucleoplasm
chromosomes
nucleolus
describe what the nucleus envelope
a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. It controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and contains the reactions taking place within it
describe what the nuclear pores do
allow the passage of larger molecules (such as messenger RNA)
describe what the nucleoplasm does and what they are
jelly like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
describe the structure and function of the nucleolus
spherical structure within the nucleoplasm
manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes
(there are many more than one nucleolus in a nucleus )
what are the 8 subunits of the chloroplasts
outer membrane
inner membrane
granum
lamella
starch grain
stroma
thylakoid
ribosomes
what is the internal structure of a cell specific to help suit its job
ultrastructure
what is the plant cell wall made of
cellulose
what is the fungi cell wall made of
chitin
job of the plasma membrane
controls the entrance and exit of molecules
what organelles do only plant cells have and briefly describe their functions
vacuole (a repository of cell sap)
chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis)
cell wall (made of cellulose contains plasmodesmata, through which cells exchange substances with each other)
what are the two differences between organelles in plant cells in comparison to fungi
fungi do not have chloroplasts
fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin not cellulose
how are muscle cells specialised for their function (1)
-contains lots of mitochondria to produce ATP
how are red blood cells specialised for their function (3)
-biconcave structure and no nucleus to maximise oxygen
-lots of haemoglobin
how are palisade cells adapted for their function
long upright shape
lots of chloroplasts (with chlorophyll) for sunlight absorption
what is the function of the nuclear envelope
pores in the nuclear envelope control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
what is the nuclear envelope made of
(they are made of phospholipid bilayers)
-a phospholipid is a lipid molecule with glycerol, two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group
where is chromatin and the nucleolus found within the nucleus
the nucleoplasm
what are the fluid filled membrane sacs in chloroplasts called? and expand on how they connect ect…
thylakoids!
each stack of thylakoids is called granum (grana plural)
grana are linked by lamellae
what are lamella
structures that link grana together
they are flat, thin parts of thylakoid membrane
what is the fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana?
the stroma
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
what do lysozyme enzymes do
aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and old organelles
what is the RER responsible for (easy)
processing and folding proteins
what is the SER responsible for
making and processing lipids
what is the function of plasma membrane
controls the passage of inorganic molecules, ions, water and oxygen into and out of the cell
allows for waste products to leave the cell (co2 and ammonia)
what is the function of the cytoplasm
site for many metabolic reactions
what is the nuclear envelope and its structure
-a double membrane that has many pores surrounding the nucleus
-has an inner and outer layer which are both phospholipid bilayers
what is the function of the nuclear envelope
-its pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
what organelle produces ATP
mitochondria
what are cristae and which organelle have them
folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria
what is the area surrounded by folds in the mitochondria called
mitochondrial matrix
where are ribosomes attached to on the endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasmic side
what is the RER responsible for
processing and folding proteins
what is the SER responsible for
making and processing lipids
explain 4 step process of binary fission
.prokaryotes carry out replication of genetic material (of plasmids)
.two sets of genetic material migrate to opposite poles
.cytoplasm begins to divide
.formation of daughter cells
attributes of viruses
.cannot reproduce independently
.not regarded as living
.made up of nucleic acids surrounded by protein called a capsid
how to viruses bind to host cells
have attachment glycoproteins that bind to complementary receptors on host cell
describe what a cell is doing in interphase
-cell prepares to divide
-DNA is replicated so there is now 2 copies
-organelles are also replicated
-more ATP is produced to be used in cell division
describe what a cell is doing in prophase
-nuclear envelope breaks down and nucleolus disappears
-chromosomes coil tightly
-centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
-microtubules form the mitotic spindle between the centrioles
what is the cell doing during metaphase
-chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
-they are attached to the spindle by centromere
what is the cell doing in anaphase
-chromosomes break into two chromatids and separate at the centromere
-spindle fibbers contract and pull chromatid to opposite poles of the cell
what happens during telophase
-chromatids begin to decondense (into chromosomes)
-nuclear envelope form around the two chromosomes
what is the common mechanism that causes cancer
uncontrolled cell division
what is a mutation
change in the structure of a gene due to the alteration of single base units in DNA resulting in variation
what is G1
a phase in interphase that produces new organelles and causes the cells to grow in size
what phases do the two types of cancer treatment that target cell cycle
G1-phase in interphase that produces new organelles and causes cells to grow in size
S phase- stage in interphase that causes DNA to replicate
what phase in interphase produces new organelles and causes the cells to grow in size
G1
what phase of the cell cycle are G1 and S-phase found in
interphase
what does it mean for the plasma membrane to be selectivley permeable
the membrane allows for some materials to freely enter or leave the cell/organelle, while other materials cannot move freely
what is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane
cholesterol make the membrane more rigid
it helps to maintain the shape of animal cells
what are phospholipids made of
glycerol
two fatty acids
phosphate
what are three factors that effect the permeability of cell membranes
solvent concentration
temperature
PH
how does solvent concentration effect the permeability of cell membranes
-the more easily the phospholipid bilayer is dissolved the more permeable the membrane is
how does temperature effect the permeability of cell membranes
-higher temperatures increase the fluidity of the membrane, increasing its permeability
how does PH effect the permeability of the cell membrane
-PH affect the protein structure in the cell membrane
