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GCSE Combined Science (Biology) > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Put the following in size order from smallest to largest:

organ, cell, organ system, tissue

A

cell → tissue → organ → organ system

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function.

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

Groups of tissues forming particular functions.

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4
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To digest and absorb food

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5
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyse (speed up) reactions

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6
Q

Name the part of the enzyme indicated by the arrow

A

Active site

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7
Q

How does the ‘lock and key’ model explain how enzymes work?

A

‘Lock and key’ is a simple model to explain that each enzyme has an active site of a specific shape to fit a specific substrate (just like a specific key is needed to fit a lock).

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8
Q
  1. Where is amylase produced?
  2. Where does amylase work?
  3. What does amylase breakdown and what are the products?
A
  1. Amylase is produced in the salivary glands, small intestine and pancreas.
  2. Amylase works in the mouth and small intestine.
  3. Amylase breaks down starch into sugar.
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9
Q
  1. Where is protease produced?
  2. Where does protease work?
  3. What does protease breakdown and what are the products?
A
  1. Protease is produced in the stomach, small intestine and pancreas
  2. Protease works in the stomach and small intestine
  3. Protease breaks down protein into amino acids
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10
Q
  1. Where is lipase produced?
  2. Where does lipase work?
  3. What does lipase breakdown and what are the products?
A
  1. Lipase is produced in the small intestine and pancreas
  2. Lipase works in the small intestine
  3. Lipase breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.
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11
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break down food into soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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12
Q

Name the enzyme that is a type of carbohydrase.

A

Amylase

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13
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A
  • To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
  • Some glucose is also used for respiration.
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14
Q
  1. Where is bile made?
  2. Where is bile stored?
  3. What two things does bile do?
A
  1. Bile is made in the liver.
  2. Bile is stored in the gallbladder.
  3. • Bile is alkaline so neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach

• It emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area to increase the rate of fat breakdown.

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15
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart.

A
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16
Q

Name the four major blood vessels of the heart.

A
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17
Q

Name the parts of the lungs in the diagram below.

A
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18
Q

Describe how the double circulatory system works.

A

Circulatory system made up of two circuits.

Circuit 1 – Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart.

Circuit 2 – Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the body. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.

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19
Q

Name the arteries that wrap around the heart, supplying it with oxygen.

A

Coronary arteries

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20
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A
  • A disease that is caused by fatty material build-up inside the coronary arteries.
  • These arteries become narrower.
  • This reduces blood flow to the heart.
  • This results in a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle.
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21
Q

Describe the three ways in which the lungs are adapted for gas exchange.

A
  • Thin, moist walls,
  • Large surface area,
  • Close network of capillaries
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22
Q
  1. Name the cells that control the natural resting heart rate.
  2. Where are these cells located?
  3. If these cells are not working properly, what might a doctor suggest?
A
  1. Pacemaker cells
  2. Right atrium
  3. Have an operation to insert an artificial pacemaker
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23
Q

Describe the structure and function of the three blood vessels in the body.

A

Arteries - Function: Carry blood away from the heart. Structure: Strong, thick, muscular, elastic walls because blood is at high pressure.

Veins - Function: Carry blood to the heart. Structure: Thinner walls because blood is at low pressure. Bigger lumen to help blood flow. Valves to stop blood flowing backwards.

Capillaries – Function: exchanging materials (e.g. oxygen and glucose) at the tissues Structure: Small lumen and thin, permeable walls.

24
Q

Name the four major parts of the blood.

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cell
  • Plasma
  • Platelets
25
Q

Give the function of the following parts of the blood:

  1. Plasma
  2. Platelets
  3. Red blood cells
  4. White blood cells
A
  1. Plasma – liquid that carries everything in the blood (e.g. urea, hormones, carbon dioxide e.t.c)
  2. Red blood cells – transport oxygen
  3. White blood cells – defend against disease
  4. Platelets – help blood clot
26
Q

How are the following parts of the blood adapted to carry out a specific function?

  1. Platelets
  2. Red blood cells
  3. White blood cells
A
  1. Platelets – small cell fragments, no nucleus
  2. Red blood cells – Biconcave shape, Large surface area, no nucleus
  3. White blood cells – can change shape to engulf pathogens (phagocytosis). Some also produce antibodies and antitoxins.
27
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen around the body?

A
  • They contain a red pigment called haemoglobin
  • Oxygen binds to haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin
  • Red blood cells travel in the blood, transporting oxygen to cells all around the body
28
Q
  1. Name the mechanical device that can be used to treat coronary heart disease.
  2. Name the drugs that can be used to treat coronary heart disease.
A
  1. Mechanical: Stent
  2. Drugs: Statins
29
Q

How do statins work?

A
  • They reduce blood cholesterol levels
  • Which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
30
Q

What are the consequences of having a faulty heart valve?

A
  • The heart doesn’t circulate blood as efficiently.
  • Therefore heart has to work harder to deliver sufficient levels of oxygen and glucose around the body.
31
Q
  1. What are man-made replacement heart valves called?
  2. What are replacement valves transplanted from humans or other animals called?
A
  1. Mechanical valves
  2. Biological valves
32
Q

What is an artificial heart and what are they used for?

A
  • Mechanical devices that pump blood around the body.
  • They are fitted to people whose heart has failed and are waiting for a donor or to allow the heart to rest following injury or operation.
33
Q

What is ‘Health’?

A

The state of physical and mental well being

34
Q

Give two examples of when two different types of disease or ill health can interact.

A

Any two from:

  • Immune system defects mean a person is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
  • Viruses living in cells can trigger cancer
  • Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies (e.g. skin rashes or asthma)
  • Physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental health issues
35
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in populations

36
Q
  1. What is a risk factor?
  2. List two examples of risk factors.
A
  1. Something that increases the likelihood of a person getting a disease
  2. Examples include: Drinking alcohol, smoking, obesity, working with asbestos, exposure to high levels of air pollution, UV exposure, viral infection, inheriting faulty genes
37
Q

How does illness affect the finances of:

a) An individual
b) A country

A

a) An ill person might not be able to work/may need time off work – income reduced.
b) High cost to NHS to treat patients, the national economy also affected if the patient isn’t working.

38
Q
  1. Why are incidences of obesity, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease higher in deprived areas?
  2. Why are non-communicable diseases more common in developed countries?
A
  1. People in deprived areas are more likely to smoke, have a poor diet and be less active.
  2. People in developed countries generally have a higher income and often consume food containing higher fat levels then under-developed countries.
39
Q
  1. What is meant by a ‘communicable’ disease?
  2. What is meant by a ‘non-communicable’ disease?
A
  1. Communicable disease: Diseases that can be spread between people (or between animals and people)
  2. Non-communicable disease: Diseases that cannot be spread between people (or between animals and people)
40
Q

Give two examples of risk factors that have a proven link to a particular disease.

A

Any two from:

  • The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease
  • The effect of alcohol on brain and liver function
  • The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer
  • Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as a risk factor for cancer
  • Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
41
Q

Name the leaf tissues labelled on the diagram below:

A
42
Q

Describe the function of the following plant tissues:

a) Meristem tissue
b) Epidermal tissue
c) Palisade mesophyll
d) Spongy mesophyll
e) Xylem and phloem

A

a) Meristem tissue: Cells can differentiate into different types of cells – essential for growth
b) Epidermal tissue: Covers the whole plant
c) Palisade mesophyll: Full of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
d) Spongy mesophyll: provides gaps for gases to diffuse for photosynthesis.
e) Xylem and phloem: Transport water (xylem) and food/sugar (phloem) around the plant

43
Q

Is the ‘leaf’ a cell, tissue or organ?

A

An organ

44
Q

Name the cells that surround the stomata

A

Guard cells

45
Q

Describe the structure and function of the xylem.

A

Structure: Made of dead cells. Hollow tubes strengthened by lignin.

Function: Transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves

46
Q

Describe the structure and function of the phloem.

A

Structure: Columns of elongated cells with small pores in end walls that cell sap flows through.

Function: Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant Transport goes in both directions.

47
Q

Explain the effects of the following conditions on the rate of transpiration:

a) Temperature
b) Humidity
c) Air movement
d) Light intensity

A

a) Temperature: The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.
b) Humidity: The lower the humidity (drier) the higher the rate of transpiration.
c) Air movement: The greater the airflow around the plant, the higher the rate of transpiration.
d) Light intensity: The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration.

48
Q

What does ‘transpiration’ mean?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant

49
Q

What three organs make up a plant’s organ system to transport substances around the plant?

A
  • Roots
  • Stem
  • Leaves
50
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of food molecules through phloem tissue

51
Q

Describe how the guard cells open and close the stomata.

A
  • When guard cells fill with water, the go plump and turgid and open.
  • When guard cells lose water, they go flaccid and close the stomata
52
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves.

53
Q

Describe how you would use a Potometer to measure the rate of transpiration in plants

A
  • Record starting position of air bubble
  • Start the stopwatch and leave for quite a long time (e.g. 24 hours)
  • Record distance bubble moves.
  • Calculate the rate of transpiration by dividing distance bubble moved by time.
54
Q

On what side of the leaf are most stomata found and why?

A

On the underside because it’s not exposed to sunlight so less water is lost.

55
Q

What is cancer?

A

A result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

56
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.

57
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Malignant tumours are cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues are spread to different parts of the body where they form secondary tumours.

GCSE Combined Science (Biology) (5 decks)

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