Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Combined Science (Biology) > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards Biology 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

Put the following in size order from smallest to largest:

organ, cell, organ system, tissue

A

cell → tissue → organ → organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an organ?

A

Groups of tissues forming particular functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To digest and absorb food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyse (speed up) reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the part of the enzyme indicated by the arrow

A

Active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the ‘lock and key’ model explain how enzymes work?

A

‘Lock and key’ is a simple model to explain that each enzyme has an active site of a specific shape to fit a specific substrate (just like a specific key is needed to fit a lock).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Where is amylase produced?
  2. Where does amylase work?
  3. What does amylase breakdown and what are the products?
A
  1. Amylase is produced in the salivary glands, small intestine and pancreas.
  2. Amylase works in the mouth and small intestine.
  3. Amylase breaks down starch into sugar.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Where is protease produced?
  2. Where does protease work?
  3. What does protease breakdown and what are the products?
A
  1. Protease is produced in the stomach, small intestine and pancreas
  2. Protease works in the stomach and small intestine
  3. Protease breaks down protein into amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. Where is lipase produced?
  2. Where does lipase work?
  3. What does lipase breakdown and what are the products?
A
  1. Lipase is produced in the small intestine and pancreas
  2. Lipase works in the small intestine
  3. Lipase breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Break down food into soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the enzyme that is a type of carbohydrase.

A

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A
  • To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
  • Some glucose is also used for respiration.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Where is bile made?
  2. Where is bile stored?
  3. What two things does bile do?
A
  1. Bile is made in the liver.
  2. Bile is stored in the gallbladder.
  3. • Bile is alkaline so neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach

• It emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area to increase the rate of fat breakdown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the four major blood vessels of the heart.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the parts of the lungs in the diagram below.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe how the double circulatory system works.

A

Circulatory system made up of two circuits.

Circuit 1 – Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart.

Circuit 2 – Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the body. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the arteries that wrap around the heart, supplying it with oxygen.

A

Coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A
  • A disease that is caused by fatty material build-up inside the coronary arteries.
  • These arteries become narrower.
  • This reduces blood flow to the heart.
  • This results in a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the three ways in which the lungs are adapted for gas exchange.

A
  • Thin, moist walls,
  • Large surface area,
  • Close network of capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Name the cells that control the natural resting heart rate.
  2. Where are these cells located?
  3. If these cells are not working properly, what might a doctor suggest?
A
  1. Pacemaker cells
  2. Right atrium
  3. Have an operation to insert an artificial pacemaker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the structure and function of the three blood vessels in the body.

A

Arteries - Function: Carry blood away from the heart. Structure: Strong, thick, muscular, elastic walls because blood is at high pressure.

Veins - Function: Carry blood to the heart. Structure: Thinner walls because blood is at low pressure. Bigger lumen to help blood flow. Valves to stop blood flowing backwards.

Capillaries – Function: exchanging materials (e.g. oxygen and glucose) at the tissues Structure: Small lumen and thin, permeable walls.

24
Q

Name the four major parts of the blood.

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cell
  • Plasma
  • Platelets
25
Q

Give the function of the following parts of the blood:

  1. Plasma
  2. Platelets
  3. Red blood cells
  4. White blood cells
A
  1. Plasma – liquid that carries everything in the blood (e.g. urea, hormones, carbon dioxide e.t.c)
  2. Red blood cells – transport oxygen
  3. White blood cells – defend against disease
  4. Platelets – help blood clot
26
Q

How are the following parts of the blood adapted to carry out a specific function?

  1. Platelets
  2. Red blood cells
  3. White blood cells
A
  1. Platelets – small cell fragments, no nucleus
  2. Red blood cells – Biconcave shape, Large surface area, no nucleus
  3. White blood cells – can change shape to engulf pathogens (phagocytosis). Some also produce antibodies and antitoxins.
27
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen around the body?

A
  • They contain a red pigment called haemoglobin
  • Oxygen binds to haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin
  • Red blood cells travel in the blood, transporting oxygen to cells all around the body
28
Q
  1. Name the mechanical device that can be used to treat coronary heart disease.
  2. Name the drugs that can be used to treat coronary heart disease.
A
  1. Mechanical: Stent
  2. Drugs: Statins
29
Q

How do statins work?

A
  • They reduce blood cholesterol levels
  • Which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
30
Q

What are the consequences of having a faulty heart valve?

A
  • The heart doesn’t circulate blood as efficiently.
  • Therefore heart has to work harder to deliver sufficient levels of oxygen and glucose around the body.
31
Q
  1. What are man-made replacement heart valves called?
  2. What are replacement valves transplanted from humans or other animals called?
A
  1. Mechanical valves
  2. Biological valves
32
Q

What is an artificial heart and what are they used for?

A
  • Mechanical devices that pump blood around the body.
  • They are fitted to people whose heart has failed and are waiting for a donor or to allow the heart to rest following injury or operation.
33
Q

What is ‘Health’?

A

The state of physical and mental well being

34
Q

Give two examples of when two different types of disease or ill health can interact.

A

Any two from:

  • Immune system defects mean a person is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
  • Viruses living in cells can trigger cancer
  • Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies (e.g. skin rashes or asthma)
  • Physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental health issues
35
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in populations

36
Q
  1. What is a risk factor?
  2. List two examples of risk factors.
A
  1. Something that increases the likelihood of a person getting a disease
  2. Examples include: Drinking alcohol, smoking, obesity, working with asbestos, exposure to high levels of air pollution, UV exposure, viral infection, inheriting faulty genes
37
Q

How does illness affect the finances of:

a) An individual
b) A country

A

a) An ill person might not be able to work/may need time off work – income reduced.
b) High cost to NHS to treat patients, the national economy also affected if the patient isn’t working.

38
Q
  1. Why are incidences of obesity, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease higher in deprived areas?
  2. Why are non-communicable diseases more common in developed countries?
A
  1. People in deprived areas are more likely to smoke, have a poor diet and be less active.
  2. People in developed countries generally have a higher income and often consume food containing higher fat levels then under-developed countries.
39
Q
  1. What is meant by a ‘communicable’ disease?
  2. What is meant by a ‘non-communicable’ disease?
A
  1. Communicable disease: Diseases that can be spread between people (or between animals and people)
  2. Non-communicable disease: Diseases that cannot be spread between people (or between animals and people)
40
Q

Give two examples of risk factors that have a proven link to a particular disease.

A

Any two from:

  • The effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease
  • The effect of alcohol on brain and liver function
  • The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer
  • Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as a risk factor for cancer
  • Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
41
Q

Name the leaf tissues labelled on the diagram below:

A
42
Q

Describe the function of the following plant tissues:

a) Meristem tissue
b) Epidermal tissue
c) Palisade mesophyll
d) Spongy mesophyll
e) Xylem and phloem

A

a) Meristem tissue: Cells can differentiate into different types of cells – essential for growth
b) Epidermal tissue: Covers the whole plant
c) Palisade mesophyll: Full of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
d) Spongy mesophyll: provides gaps for gases to diffuse for photosynthesis.
e) Xylem and phloem: Transport water (xylem) and food/sugar (phloem) around the plant

43
Q

Is the ‘leaf’ a cell, tissue or organ?

A

An organ

44
Q

Name the cells that surround the stomata

A

Guard cells

45
Q

Describe the structure and function of the xylem.

A

Structure: Made of dead cells. Hollow tubes strengthened by lignin.

Function: Transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves

46
Q

Describe the structure and function of the phloem.

A

Structure: Columns of elongated cells with small pores in end walls that cell sap flows through.

Function: Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant Transport goes in both directions.

47
Q

Explain the effects of the following conditions on the rate of transpiration:

a) Temperature
b) Humidity
c) Air movement
d) Light intensity

A

a) Temperature: The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.
b) Humidity: The lower the humidity (drier) the higher the rate of transpiration.
c) Air movement: The greater the airflow around the plant, the higher the rate of transpiration.
d) Light intensity: The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration.

48
Q

What does ‘transpiration’ mean?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant

49
Q

What three organs make up a plant’s organ system to transport substances around the plant?

A
  • Roots
  • Stem
  • Leaves
50
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of food molecules through phloem tissue

51
Q

Describe how the guard cells open and close the stomata.

A
  • When guard cells fill with water, the go plump and turgid and open.
  • When guard cells lose water, they go flaccid and close the stomata
52
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves.

53
Q

Describe how you would use a Potometer to measure the rate of transpiration in plants

A
  • Record starting position of air bubble
  • Start the stopwatch and leave for quite a long time (e.g. 24 hours)
  • Record distance bubble moves.
  • Calculate the rate of transpiration by dividing distance bubble moved by time.
54
Q

On what side of the leaf are most stomata found and why?

A

On the underside because it’s not exposed to sunlight so less water is lost.

55
Q

What is cancer?

A

A result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

56
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.

57
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Malignant tumours are cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues are spread to different parts of the body where they form secondary tumours.

GCSE Combined Science (Biology) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions