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Biology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?

A

Haploid cells have 23 chromosomes

Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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2
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleus

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3
Q

Name the process where the parent cell divides into two genetically identical diploid nuclei.

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

During growth, repair and sexual reproduction

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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6
Q

Name the two stages that occur before and after mitosis.

A

Interphase (before mitosis)

Cytokinesis (after mitosis)

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7
Q

Describe what happens during prophase.

A

The nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres apepear

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8
Q

Describe what happens during Metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell

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9
Q

Describe what happens during anaphase

A

The chromosome copies are separated and moved to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres

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10
Q

Describe what happens during telophase

A

A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form a nuclei

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11
Q

Describe what happens during cytokinesis

A

A cell surface membrane forms to separate the two cells

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12
Q

What does a plant cell contain that animal cells don’t?

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Large permanent vacuole

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13
Q

What do ribosomes make.

A

Proteins

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14
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Structure in the nuclei, that carries genetic information

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15
Q

What is the smallest unit?

A

Picometre

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16
Q

What is the name of a cell without a nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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17
Q

What is the name of a cell with a nuclei?

A

An eukaryotic cell

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18
Q

How does cancer occur?

A

When cells divide too quickly

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19
Q

Name a sub cellular cell pad which a cell makes extra of during mitosis?

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

State two processes that take place during interphase.

A

DNA replication

More sub-cellular structure made

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21
Q

Define a spindle fibre

A

Filament formed in a cell during mitosis, which helps separate the chromosomes

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22
Q

Define meristem and where it is found

A

Undifferentiated cells found near root tips and shoot tips.

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23
Q

Define xylem cells

A

Cells that join with other xylem cells to carry water and minerals through the plant. They are hollow for easy flow of water

24
Q

Define stem cell

A

Unspecialised cell that continues to divide by mitosis to produce more stem cells and other cells that differentiate into specialised cells

25
Q

Define embryonic stem cell

A

Stem cell from an early embryo that produces specialised cell of different types

26
Q

What cell does respiration take place in.

A

Mitochondria

27
Q

3 stages of growth in plants

A

Mitosis
Elongation
Differentiation

28
Q

Define growth

A

Increase in number of cells

29
Q

What is the function of the cell structure that contains chlorophyll?

A

Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

30
Q

Name the structure filled with sap and what the functions of the cell structure filled with sap

A

Large pet ant vacuole

Stores sap and keeps it ridged

31
Q

How are roots adapted for absorbing water and minerals?

A

Large surface area so can absorb more

32
Q

What cell is found in meristems

A

Unspecialised

33
Q

Explain how the specialisation of xylem vessel help Carry out it’d function.

A

Thickened cell will to with stand Hugh pressure

34
Q

Why is cell differentiation important in to plants and animals?

A

Specialised cells are more effective at carrying out different functions

35
Q

Embryonic stem cells..

A

Can develop into an specialised cells
Produce cells needed in development of an embryo.
Found in an embryo
Used as a treatment in a variety of diseases like diabetes type 1

36
Q

Adult stem cells…

A

Only develop into few specialised cells
Replace and pair damaged tissues
Found in tissues containing specialised cells
Used in bone marrow transplants to reproduce new cells

37
Q

Meristem in plants…

A

Can develop into my type of cell
It grows and produces specialised cells
Found at roots and tips of shoots
They are cut from leaves to grow new plants

38
Q

Risks of stem cell treatment

A

They can give you cancer when dividing uncontrollably

The persons immune system may reject them

39
Q

Define unspecialised cells

A

Cells with no Specialised features to help them carry out particular function

40
Q

Organ system that you would find nerve cells.

A

Nervous system

41
Q

What is a nerve cells specialised to do?

A

Produce electrical signals or impulses

42
Q

State the name of one organ in the nervous system

A

Brain

43
Q

What is the function of the Motor neuron?

A

It passes impulses to the effectors such as muscles and it also allows you to respond to a stimulus

44
Q

What is the difference between a motor neuron and sensory neuron?

A

The sensory neuron is longer

45
Q

What is the function of myelin sheath?

A

It insulate the neutron from others around and speed up impulse transmission

46
Q

How are imposes transported?

A

Stimulus receptor cells and sensory neuron to relay neuron to motoneuron to affecters

47
Q

What cells detect stimuli

A

Receptor cells

48
Q

What are the electrical signals called

A

Impulses

49
Q

What cells carry out electrical signals

A

Neurons

50
Q

What does the brain do with the information that I received

A

Process is it

51
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A

Pass impulse to other neurons

52
Q

Name a stimulus

A

Pain, light

53
Q

Name your sense organs

A

Skin eyes ears

54
Q

Where does synapse occur?

A

In between sensory neuron and relay neuron and in between relay neuron and motor neuron

55
Q

What are the different functions of relay neurons motoneurons and sensory neurons

A

Sensory neurons carry signals from the receptors to the brain
Relay neurons carry Messages from one part of the central nervous system to the other
Motoneurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the effectors

56
Q

Name a disadvantage of synapse

A

It’s slows down transmission

57
Q

Name and advantage of synapse

A

It allows impulses to flow in only One Direction

Allows generations of fresh impulses in many neurons

Biology (2 decks)

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