Topic 2 Flashcards
What makes a molecule organic?
A compound made of carbon and hydrogen
Identify 3 elements and how they are used in the body.
Carbs: Short-term energy storage
Lipids: Long-term energy storage
Protein: Regulate cellular process
Describe a condensation reaction.
a reaction in which two molecules become bonded by a covalent bond and molecules of water is released.
Describe a hydrolysis reaction.
Water is used to break down a large molecule into smaller molecules
What are the key structural features of carbohydrates?
Carbon ring
Hydroxyl groups
Methanol group (CH2OH)
What are the key structural features of Protein?
Amino group NH2
Carboxyl group COOH
R group
What are the key structural features of lipids?
Hydrocarbon chain
Methyl group CH3
Carboxyl group COOH
Distinguish between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids.
Saturated have single bonds between each carbon atom
Unsaturated have 1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
Distinguish between trans and cis fatty acids.
Cis: Both hydrogens oriented in the same direction
Trans: Hydrogen atoms oriented in the opposite direction
Discuss the health issue associated with trans fats.
High levels of trans fat have shown to lead to high cholesterol levels, which in turn can lead to coronary heart diseases.
How does hydrogen bonding occur in water?
Water molecules are polar, having uneven distribution of charges. It is formed between neighboring hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms.
What is cohesion and why does water have this property?
The ability of water molecules to attract and stick to other water molecules. Because hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules together.
What is adhesion and why does water have this property?
Water molecules can be attracted to and stick to other molecules. Because polar surfaces attract water molecules.
What are the thermal properties of water?
Water is able to retain heat, because of hydrogen bonds
Why do some organisms sweat?
To cool off the body of the organism
What is the role of water in dissolving nutrients in the bloodstream?
Solvent properties
The ability to dissolve particles within it in a liquid state.
Describe how a protein folds.
What happens during denaturation of a protein?
Describe the primary structure of a protein
Sequence of a chain of amino acids
Describe the secondary structure of a protein
Hydrogen bondings between the peptide backbones fold the protein into a repeated pattern. (Either Alpha helix or beta helix pleated sheet.)
Describe the tertiary structure of a protein
The bonding between R groups, Thre dimensional folding of the protein. Includes H bonds Ionic bonds Disulfide bridge.
Quartiery structure
Protein consists of more than one amino acid chain.
Hemoglobin
transport oxygen through red blood cells
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar
Denature
Structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its function.
Rubisco
Enzyme found in plants that help the process of photosynthesis
Collagen
Provides support for skin, bones, tendons, and muscle tissues.
What are the factors that affect enzyme action?
Temperature, substrate concentration, and pH level.
What is the role of the immobilized enzymes in the production of lactose-free milk?
- Immobilized enzymes are placed into alginate beads.
- Milk with lactose is sent through the beads
- The lactase enzyme breaks the lactose
- The product is glucose and galactose
Describe how enzymes work
The substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site, and this lowers the activation energy required for a catalyzed reaction.
