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families and households > topic 2 > Flashcards

topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do Allan and Crow (2001) point out about life course?

A

up until the 20th century, there was a fairly standard life course

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2
Q

How does Levin (2004) describe previous life courses?

A

‘compulsory’

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3
Q

What does Lewis (2001) suggest individuals have more of in today’s society?

A

Lewis suggests that individuals in today’s society have more individual freedom regarding the choices they make

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4
Q

What does May (2011) say about personal relationships in today’s society?

A

May states that personal relationships are becoming so diverse within the family

it is better to observe the sociology of personal life as opposed to that of the family

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5
Q

What does Gabb (2010) say about relationships outside the family?

A

says that relationships outside of the family affect relationships within the family

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6
Q

What does Chambers (2012) say is an explanation for changes in society?
(eg changing attitudes towards love etc)

A

Chambers (2012) states that as a result of growing INDIVIDUALISATION, traditional social beliefs and influences lose their power.

Chambers recognises this allows for the development of new types of relationships.

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7
Q

Bauman (2003) helped develop the individualisation thesis.

what did Bauman believe growing individualisation meant for society?

A

Bauman believed that as a result of growing individualisation, kinship networks and bonds are weak - people are always searching for security

this encourages people to explore different ways to live their personal lives

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8
Q

What does Beck-Gernsheim (2002) believe is the cause of growing individualisation?

A

developments in modern medidicne

(contraception/birth control/abortion/IVF)

reproduction and sexuality can be separated from each other

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9
Q

Beck-Gernsheim (2002) says that growing individualisation has made it unlear….

A

who or what is part of a family

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10
Q

Giddens (1993) believes people are moving away from ‘romantic love’ to ‘confluent love’

what is meant by confluent love?

A

active and conditional love and is maintained ‘until further notice’

less of a life long commitment- needs to be mutually fulfilling

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11
Q

what is meant by a ‘pure relationship’?

A

a couple who chooses to stay together because it meets both of their emotional and sexual needs

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12
Q

What criticism does Smart (2007) have on the Individualisation thesis?

what does it over exaggerate?

A

Smart states that the Individualisation Thesis over exaggerates how much the family is in decline and believes that people still have strong emotional and social connections

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13
Q

How does Chambers (2012) criticise the Individualisation Theisis?

A

chambers (2012) points out that not everyone is free to do what they want- expectations have been passed down generations

as proven when women continue to do most of the domestic work

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14
Q

discuss the divorce rate increase in:
1974
compared with
2012

A

in 1974, the divorce rate was 1 in every 4 marriages whereas in 2012, this had doubled to 1 in every 2 marriages.

this therefore demonstrates that although less people are choosing to marry today, when you compare the divorce rate if marriages that did happen, the divorce rate is significantly higher than that of previous generations

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15
Q

explain two reasons for the increase of divorce rate

(two categories) ‘changes in…’

A

changes in the law

changes in society

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15
Q

how many children will experience a parental divorce?

A

more than 1 in 4 children will experience a parental divorce by age 16

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16
Q

How does the changing role of women link to increase in divorce rate?

(from a Feminist perspective)

A

feminists would argue:

women’s expectations of life and quality of relationships have risen

less willing to accept patriarchal nature of marriage

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17
Q

What do Functionalist writers (eg Parsons/Fletcher) believe is a key contributor in the increase of divorce rate?

A

Functionalist writers would argue that in today’s society, there is a rising expectation of what marriage should be and therefore people (especially women) are less tolerant of certain behaviours that previous generations may have been.

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18
Q

How does the growing privatisation and isolation of the nuclear family link to the increase in divorce rate?

A

Functionalist writers would argue that as a result of the nuclear family becoming more privatised and isolated, couples are spending more time together. Higher expectations mean the marriage breaks down more easily as people are less willing to settle.

Also, due to isolation, there is less support and encouragement from external kin.

19
Q

Explain changes in law which have contributed to the easier access of divorce

A

The Divorce Law Reform Act (1969)

previously, couples had to prove that a ‘matrimonial offence’

now all that had to be proven was ‘irretrievable breakdown’

this meant that couples could more easily leave their marriage and the blame didn’t have to be placed upon one of them

20
Q

explain how The Family Law Act of 1966 was a social policy in which one could say is encouraging marriage

(and therefore the Functionalist/New Right encouragement of a nuclear family)

A

The Family Law Act of 1966 increased the time a couple had to be married before divorce.

from 12 to 18 months.

also compulsory counselling sessions- later abandoned as it just encouraged them to go through with the divorce.

this was an attempt to stem the number of rising divorces.

21
Q

What do Goode (1971) and Gibson (1994) argue secularization has meant for marriage?

A

Goode (1971) and Gibson (1994) argue that as a result of growing secularization, marriages has become

‘a less sacred and spiritual union’

and is instead ‘personal and oractical’

22
Q

How do Beck and Beck-Gernstein view rising divorce rates?

(POSTMODERNIST PERSPECTIVE)

A

they believe that rising divorce rates is as a result of growing individualisation and uncertainty in society

there are now more choices for people to make

23
Q

in the last 50 years, marriage rates have declined by….

A

2/3 rds

24
Q

statistic showing increase in cohabitation before marriage

A

1950s - 2% lived together previously

2012- 80%

24
Q

how has the changing role of women lead to a decline in marriage and growth in cohabitation?

A

women are given more opportunities and are educated (outperform men)

less willing to take on housewife roles which as feminists point out, seem to dominate women’s role in marriage

25
Q

explain how the reduced functions of the family has lead to a decline in marriage and growth in cohabitation?

(functionalists would argue……)

A

functionalists would argue that as a result of functions being transferred to institutions, marriage has become less of a necessity

26
Q

Explain what Beck (1992) by we are living in a ‘risk society’ and how this could lead to a decline in marriage and growth in cohabitation?

A

individuals have more choices over what path they take

there is a range of socially accepted routes

people may simply choose to avoid the risk associated with a long-term , legal commitment

27
Q

what are LATs?
who identified these as a new type of family?

A

living apart together

Levin (2004)

28
Q

Why does Levin (2004) think more LATs are arising?

A

levin (2004) believes the number of LATs are growing as a result of social changes and changing norms

29
Q

How much did Hirsch (2014) estimate a child cost a couple up till age 18?

A

£154,000

30
Q

how many births are outside of marriage?

A

47%

31
Q

lone parenthood has ? since ?

A

lone parenthood has tripled since 1971

32
Q

how many lone parent households are headed by women?

A

9/10 lone parent households are headed by women

33
Q

give reasons explaining why there are more lone parent families now

-women have greater ?
- fewer ? weddings
- -improved ?
- changing ?

A

women have greater economic independence

changing attitudes- fewer ‘shotgun’ weddings

improved contraception- men feel less responsibility to support pregnant partner as there is more access to contraception and abortion

changing social attitudes- less social stigma

34
Q

What does Charles Murray (1990) and other New Right thinkers believe is the reason for an increase in lone parenthood?

A

New Right thinkers belove the welfare state and benefits encourages lone parenthood

charles murray describes benefits as ‘perverse incentives’

35
Q

what percentage of births are there to couples who are not married nor cohabiting?

A

only 16% of births are to couples who are not married nor cohabiting

36
Q

how many lone parents are teenagers?

A

less than 2%

37
Q

What does SIlva (1996) argue about lone parenthood?

FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE

(media)

A

Silva (1996) argues that the media causes public concern and this is an attempt to force women back into their traditional role as housewife.

Subsequently irradicating gender equality.

She suggests that these attacks are patriarchal and women have a right to a career and should be allowed to live independently should they wish to.

38
Q

What did Berthoud (2001) find?

-south asian families
-carribean families

A

South Asian families tend to be bigger

carribean community is based on ‘modern individualism’

39
Q

which community has the the highest rate of marriage?

A

south asian communities

40
Q

What did Charles (2008) find about classic extended families?

“p… e….”

A

Charles (2008) said that classic extended families are practically extinct

41
Q

statistic to show more people living in a single household

A

today- 1 in 3
1901- 1 in 20

42
Q

what did Heath (2004) say about young people’s route?

A

Heath (2004) said that young people are less likely to follow the traditional route of moving out and settling down

43
Q

stat to show increase in people living with parents longer

A

25% increase of people living with parents compared to 1966

44
Q

What did Dobash and Dobash say?
(radical feminists)

A

marriage is legitimising violence against women

families and households (5 decks)

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