Topic 2 Flashcards
Why did the Earl of Westmoreland want a revolt in the North (3 points)
-Catholic so wanted a Catholic ruler
-Had a less important role in Elizabeth’s government
-Was Warden of Middle March under Mary’s rule
Why did the Earl of Northumberland want a revolt in the North (4 points)
-Catholic so wanted Catholic ruler
-Land was taken off of him and given to his rival in the North and a Southern Protestant
-Had a less important role in Elizabeth’s government
-Lost rights to a valuable copper mine to Elizabeth in 1567
Why was restoring Catholic faith an aim for the Revolt of the Northern Earls and how did they do this
-The rebels wanted to re-establish Catholicism as the country’s religion
-At the start of the revolt the Earls stormed into Durham Cathedral and held a Catholic service
-They wore Catholic badges and emblems
Why was restoring Northern nobility’s political power an aim for the Revolt of the Northern
-Earls had political grievances as QE weakened their powers. She extended central control from London by putting her cousin Lord Hunsdon in charge of Berwick, and she appointed the Earl of Sussex as President of the Council of the North
-Government of the North was carried out by the Council of the North rather than traditional nobility
-May have felt they had to revolt as they feared prison/execution after the Norfolk plan
How did James Pilkington help cause the Revolt of the Northern Earls
-Elizabeth appointed him as archbishop of Durham when he was a committed Protestant in 1561
-Elizabeth hoped to lessen the influence of Catholicism in the North but he was very unpopular and turned many Northerners against Protestantism.
Why was removing ‘evil councillers’ an aim for the Revolt of the Northern Earls and how did they do this
-They blamed councillors such as Cecil for religious changes and their loss of political power
-Mary I had made 50 Catholic nobles members of her Privy Council but QE only kept 10 and the rest were replaced with Protestants
What evidence was there that an aim of the Revolt of the Northern Earls aimed to remove QE and replace her with MQS
-Earls had taken part in a plan to marry MQS to Duke of Norfolk, the most powerful noble in England so she would become QEs successor. However nobles loyal to QE had also been apart of this to force QE to name a successor and they told her about the plan
-Letters in early 1569 between MQS and Spanish ambassador suggesting the Spanish would support a rebellion to place MQS on the throne
-Earls wanted MQS to be recognised as QEs successor and her imprisonment to be ended
Why did the Revolt of the Northern Earl achieve nothing (4 points)
-All the rebels ended up fleeing
-They didn’t get Cheshire and Lancaster nobles’ support
-The Spanish didn’t send troops
-MQS had been moved away so they couldn’t free her
Revolt of the Northern Earls timeline 9th-15th November
-Lots of the earls tenants and workers joined the revolt and the stormed Durham Catherdral
-Pushed past clergy, destroyed Protestant prayer books and the English Bible, before overturning the Communion table
-They celebrated Catholic mass in traditional Latin
-Cheshire and Lancaster remained loyal to QE
Revolt of the Northern Earls timeline 22nd-30th November
-Marched South to Bramham Moor but MQS had been moved south to a prison near Coventry river prevent a rescue attempt
-Earl of Sussex assembled agent of 10,000 men in the Midland and the Earls turned back North
-One rebel group captured Hartlepool hoping the Spanish troops would land and support them, but no support was sent
Revolt of the Northern Earls timeline 16th-19th December
-Army reacher the River Tees and the rebels fled
-Earls escaped into Scotland, but Northumberland was handed over and beheaded
-Westmoreland managed to escape abroad
-QE ordered execution of 700 rebels, although the number executed was nearer 450
How were Catholics treated after the Revolt of the Northern Earls
-They were treated harsher
-In 1572 Elizabeth sent the Earls of Huntingdon, a committed Protestant, to lead the Council of the North and he implemented laws against Catholics
How did the Pope respond to the Revolt of the Northern Earls
-He excommunicated her and called all loyal Catholics to despose her, so they no longer had to obey her
-In 1571 QE made treason laws harsher by making it treasonable to claim she was a heretic or bring papal bulls to England
Why did King Philip not want MQS to be Queen
She had close links to France who was Spain’s enemy
Who was Roberto Ridolfi
An Italian banker living in England who was one of the Pope’s spies
Aims of the Ridolfi Plot
Ridolfi wanted to use Spanish armies to invade England to make Catholic English people rebel against Elizabeth, causing her to be overthrown and replace her with MQS
What foreign support was there for the Ridolfi plot?
-The spanish were going to support an army (not enthusiastic)
-Phillip II told the Duke of Alba to prepare 10,000 men to send if necessary
How was the Ridolfi plot uncovered
-Norfolk’s servants betrayed him and he was arrested and Elizabeth’s government unwravelled the plot.
-The Secretary of State and information systems helped uncover the plot
What were the consequences for MQS and Duke of Norfolk after the Ridolfi plot?
-Norfolk was put on trial, found guilt and was executed
-Nothing happened to MQS
What happened with relations with Spain after the Ridolfi plot
-QE expelled the Spanish ambassador but relations with Spain didn’t decline
What was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and why did it increase fears of a Catholic attack in England
-Thousands of Protestants had been murdered in Paris
-Could have given an example to Catholics in England ideas
Who was Francis Throckmorton
-A young Catholic man who carried messaged between MQS and the French and Spanish ambassadors.
-Also in contact with members of the English Catholic nobility.
What was the aims of the Throckmorton Plot?
-The aims were to create an uprising in the North of England which would happen with an invasion led by the French Duke of Guise and would be financially supported by Philip II of Spain. Then to free MQS and restore Catholicism.
What foreign support was there for the Throckmorton plot
-The Spanish were going to financially support an invasion led by French Duke of Guise
-The Pope knew and approved of this
How was the Throckmorton Plot uncovered
-Throckmorton was put under surveillance and then the government ordered his arrest
-His house was searched and papers were found showing plans and uncovering Catholic nobles who were in on it
Why was there no popular support for the Throckmorton plot
-It was discovered by Elizabeth’s government before it could reach the public and people didn’t know about it
What happened to the Spanish ambassador Mendoza
Expelled
After the Throckmorton plot why were there increased fears around English Catholics
-There was an assassination of William of Orange which increased fears Elizabeth was going to be killed
Why was the Bond of Association created?
-In 1584, William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants was murdered by a Catholic
-In response to this and the Throckmorton plot QEs closest advisors drafted the Bond of Association which aimed to prevent any more plots
What was the Bond of Association
-Sjgned by English nobility and gentry it required signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen
-anyone who would have benefitted from Elizabeth’s death would also be punished
-Pledged in the event QEs life was threatened MQS was to be executed
How does the Bond of Association prove that Parliament was worried about English Catholics
-It shows they were worried because they had to try prevent the plots otherwise Elizabeth, could be killed and they had to act harshly by enforcing execution so the plots would stop.
How would the Bond of Association help prevent Catholics Plots?
It would scare people into not trying to overthrow Elizabeth, because they could killed
How did the Ridolfi plot pose a significant threat (3 Points)
-Coming so soon after the papal bull excommunicating Elizabeth (1570), the Ridolfi Plot reinforced the threat posed by Mary and Catholics, both at home and abroad
-Reinforced the threat to England from Spain. Already concerned by the Duke’s of Alba’s presence in the Netherlands anxiety about Spain’s intentions towards Elizabeth increased
-The Queen passed on act saying that anyone who claimed she was not the rightful Queen was a traitor
How did the Ridolfi plot not pose a significant threat (2 points)
-Foreign support was not clear. The Duke of Alva wrote to Philip II of Spain, suggesting that Spain should only invade after QE had been overthrown
-The plot never reached the public arena and so never got popular support. Not a lot of support from English people
How did Protestant MPs respond to the Ridolfi Plot
-They got the opportunity to pressure Elizabeth to be harsher on Catholics
-In 1581, parliament passed two laws against Catholics : Recusants would be fined £20 for attempting to convert people to Catholicism + it was treason
How did the Throckmorton Plot pose a significant
-Throckmorton’s papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers in England, suggesting that the government’s fear of English Catholics as the enemy within was real.
-Councillors focused on finding concrete evidence that would incriminate MQS
-Foreign powers, especially France and Spain, were involved in the plots
