Topic 2 Flashcards
Cell theory
- All living things Are made up of cells
- Contain inherited information used for function , growth and development
- All chemical reactions occur within the cell
- Formed by the division of pre existing cells
Examples of eukaryotes
Plants, fungi, animals , algae and protists
Protoplasm
Nucleus and cytoplasm
Eukaryotes structure : Nucleus
- Stores nuclei acids (DNA & RNA)
- Surrounded by a double membrane with pores
Eukaryotes structure : Nucleolus
- Dense region of DNA and proteins which forms ribosomes
- Within the nucleus
Eukaryotes structure : Mitochondria
- Has a double membrane
- inner membrane folds to form cristea (large SA)
- Matrix the solution inside
Eukaryotes structure : rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
- Where proteins are made, isolated and transported
- 80s ribosomes
- Forms a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane
- CAN FORM TERTIARY and quaternary proteins to fit in the active site
Eukaryotes structure : sER (Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Forms a series of single, smooth tubular sears without ribosomes
- Transports and makes lipids, steroids and phospholipids
Eukaryotes structure : Lysosomes
- Contain digestive enzymes
- used to break down worn out cells to digest foods in simple organelles
Eukaryotes structure : Centrioles
- Involved in cell division
- Hollow cylinders made up of a bundle of microtubles
Eukaryotes structures
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
- Centrioles
- Lysomes
Golgi apparatus
- Protein is made in ribosomes on the rER and enters the rER cisternae
- Vesicles containing protein are budded off the rER along the microtublue
- The vesicles are added to the convex of the Golgi and the proteins are modified and concentrated into cistermae
- Vesicles containing secretory vesicles are budded off the Golgi and move along the microtubule
- Vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane releasing their product outside
Plant cell wall layers
- Primary cell wall - flexible , contains cellulose microfibres , pectin holds neighbouring plants cell wall
- Secondary cell wall - rigid , Suberin makes it impermeable
- Middle lamella - made up off pectin, binds cellulose layers together , is the first layer formed
Similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplast
- large organelles
- Have their own DNA
- Have an outer membrane
- free living
- Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis
- Chloroplast contains chlorophyll and is formed by leucoplast
Tonoplast
Membrane in a plant cell that controls the movement in and out of the cell sap which s filled wit water which allows it to control the movement of ions, minerals enzymes through osmosis
