Topic 2

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

• All living things Are made up of cells
• Contain inherited information used for function , growth and development
• All chemical reactions occur within the cell
• Formed by the division of pre existing cells

Question 2

Examples of eukaryotes

Answer 2

Plants, fungi, animals , algae and protists

Question 3

Protoplasm

Answer 3

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 4

Eukaryotes structure : Nucleus

Answer 4

• Stores nuclei acids (DNA & RNA)

- Surrounded by a double membrane with pores

Question 5

Eukaryotes structure : Nucleolus

Answer 5

• Dense region of DNA and proteins which forms ribosomes

- Within the nucleus

Question 6

Eukaryotes structure : Mitochondria

Answer 6

• Has a double membrane
  
  • inner membrane folds to form cristea (large SA)
• Matrix the solution inside

Question 7

Eukaryotes structure : rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 7

• Where proteins are made, isolated and transported
• 80s ribosomes
• Forms a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane
• CAN FORM TERTIARY and quaternary proteins to fit in the active site

Question 8

Eukaryotes structure : sER (Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

• Forms a series of single, smooth tubular sears without ribosomes
• Transports and makes lipids, steroids and phospholipids

Question 9

Eukaryotes structure : Lysosomes

Answer 9

• Contain digestive enzymes

- used to break down worn out cells to digest foods in simple organelles

Question 10

Eukaryotes structure : Centrioles

Answer 10

• Involved in cell division

- Hollow cylinders made up of a bundle of microtubles

Question 11

Eukaryotes structures

Answer 11

• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
• Centrioles
• Lysomes

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

1. Protein is made in ribosomes on the rER and enters the rER cisternae
2. Vesicles containing protein are budded off the rER along the microtublue
3. The vesicles are added to the convex of the Golgi and the proteins are modified and concentrated into cistermae
4. Vesicles containing secretory vesicles are budded off the Golgi and move along the microtubule
5. Vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane releasing their product outside

Question 13

Plant cell wall layers

Answer 13

1. Primary cell wall - flexible , contains cellulose microfibres , pectin holds neighbouring plants cell wall
2. Secondary cell wall - rigid , Suberin makes it impermeable
3. Middle lamella - made up off pectin, binds cellulose layers together , is the first layer formed

Question 14

Similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplast

Answer 14

• large organelles
• Have their own DNA
• Have an outer membrane
• free living
• Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis
• Chloroplast contains chlorophyll and is formed by leucoplast

Question 15

Tonoplast

Answer 15

Membrane in a plant cell that controls the movement in and out of the cell sap which s filled wit water which allows it to control the movement of ions, minerals enzymes through osmosis