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Ib biology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does molecular biology explain?

A

Living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved

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2
Q

The structures of molecular biology are what?

A

Diverse and complex

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3
Q

What is urea?

A

A component of urine that is produced when there is excess amino acids in the body and the nitrogen is then excreted

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4
Q

What is vitalism?

A

The belief that organic molecules can only be synthesised by living systems

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5
Q

What disproves vitalism?

A

-Wohler heated ammonium nitrate and produced urea and urea is an organic molecule so vitalism is not correct

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6
Q

Draw the structure for Ribose

A
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7
Q

Draw the structure for glucose

A
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8
Q

Draw the structure for saturated fatty acid

A
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9
Q

Draw the structure for an amino acid

A
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10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the enzyme catalysed reactions in a cell or organism

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11
Q

Where does metabolism mostly happen?

A

In the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What does metabolism consist of?

A

Pathways in by which one type of molecule is transformed to another in a series of steps

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13
Q

How many bonds can carbon form?

A

4

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14
Q

What kind of bonds do carbon make with other atoms?

A

Covalent bonds ( sharing of electrons)

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15
Q

How do you classify carbohydrates?

A

C,H,O ( 2 H atoms to 1 O)

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16
Q

How do you classify lipids?

A
  • Insoluble in water

- Triglycerides are fats at room temp and oils in liquids

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17
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of complex molecules from smaller ones including the formation of macromolecules from monomers

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18
Q

How do you classify proteins?

A

C,H,O,N with one or more amino acid chains

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19
Q

How do you classify nucleic acids?

A

C,H,O,N,P. Found in DNA and RNA

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20
Q

What does anabolism require?

A

Energy from ATP

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21
Q

What is an example of anabolism?

A

Protein synthesis using ribosomes

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22
Q

Why is water polar?

A

Unequal sharing of electrons ( O is slightly negative but H is slightly positive)

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23
Q

What kind of bonding forms between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen

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24
Q

What does hydrogen bonding and polarity explain?

A

The cohesive, adhesive and solvent, thermal properites of water

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25
Q

What do enzymes have?

A

An active site that specific substrates bind to

26
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A globular protein that speeds up the rate of reaction

27
Q

What is enzyme catalysis?

A

The collisions of substrate to the active site

28
Q

What happens when a substrate binds to an enzyme’s active site?

A
  • Enzyme substrate complex is formed
  • The enzyme then catalyses the reaction converting the substrate into a product creating an enzyme- product complex
  • the enzyme and product then dissociate
29
Q

What increases the frequency of collisions?

A
  • Increase concentration of particles

- increasing the molecular motion of particles

30
Q

What is the shape of the active site dependent on?

A

The tertiary structure

31
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Any change to the enzyme’s active site

32
Q

What can cause denaturation?

A
  • pH

- High temperatures

33
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A
34
Q

What type of enzymes are widely used in industry?

A

Immobilised enzymes

35
Q

What are examples of the uses of immobilised enzymes?

A
  • Biofuels
  • Medicine
  • Food production
36
Q

How is lactose free milk produced?

A
  • Lactase is purified from yeast then bound to an inert substance
  • milk is then repeateadly passed over the enzyme becoming lactose free
37
Q

n an experiment the effect of changing pH on an enzymatic reaction is tested. Which could be a dependent variable in this kind of experiment?

A. Changing substrate concentration

B. Rate of formation of product

C. Variation in temperature

D. Change in pH

A

B

38
Q

Explain the production of lactose-free milk.

A

-Lactase is added to the milk which causes the break down of lactose into glucose and galactose

39
Q

Distinguish between globular and fibrous proteins.

A 
Globular = soluble in water and are round structures
Fibruous = not soluble in water and are long/narrow
40
Q

What is meant by cohesive and adhesive properties of water?

A

Cohesive / adhesive properties – Water will ‘stick’ to other water molecules (cohesion) and charged substances (adhesion)

41
Q

What is meant by the solvent properties of water?

A

Solvent properties – Water dissolves polar and ionic substances (forms competing polar associations to draw materials apart)

42
Q

What is meant by the thermal properties of water?

A

Thermal properties – Water can absorb much heat before changing state (requires breaking of hydrogen bonds)

43
Q

Why does hydrogen bonding explain the thermal properties of water?

A
  • This is due to the extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules – the H-bonds need to be broken before a change in state can occur and this requires the absorption of energy (heat)
  • water is an excellent medium for living organisms as it is relatively slow to change temperature and thus supports the maintenance of constant conditions (internal and external)
44
Q

What are the similarities between water and methane?

A
  • they both have similar size and atomic weight

- both have tetrahedral orbital formations

45
Q

Why are water and methane so different?

A
  • water is polar and forms hydrogen bonds whereas methane is non polar and can only form weaker intermolecular forces between the molecules
46
Q

What are the key differences between water and methane?

A
  • Water has a higher SHC
  • Water has a higher boiling point and melting point
  • Water has a higher heat of vaporisation
47
Q

Why can water be used as a coolant in sweat?

A
  • The change of water from liquid to vapour (evaporation) requires an input of energy
  • This energy comes from the surface of the skin when it is hot, therefore when the sweat evaporates the skin is cooled
  • Because water has a high specific heat capacity, it absorbs a lot of thermal energy before it evaporates
  • Thus water functions as a highly effective coolant, making it the principal component of sweat
48
Q

Describe what is meant by the solvent properties of water?

A
  • Water can dissolve any substance that contains charged particles (ions) or electronegative atoms (polarity)
  • This occurs because the polar attraction of large quantities of water molecules can sufficiently weaken intramolecular forces (such as ionic bonds) and result in the dissociation of the atoms
  • The slightly charged regions of the water molecule surround atoms of opposing charge, forming dispersive hydration shells
49
Q

What are the modes of transport of substances in the blood

A
50
Q

How are monosaccarides linked together?

A

By condensation reaction to form disaccharides and polysaccharides

51
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides (one sugar unit) are typically sweet-tasting and function as an immediate energy source for cells

52
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides (two sugar units) are small enough to be soluble in water and commonly function as a transport form

53
Q

What are cellulose and starch both?

A

Polysaccarides

54
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A
  • Beta glucose in a 1,4 arrangement
  • indigestable for most animals as they lack the enzyme to break it down
  • no branches
  • found in plant cell wall
55
Q

What are the two forms of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

56
Q

Describe the structure of amylose

A
  • found in plants
  • alpha glucose
  • 1 -4 arrangment
  • not branched
  • helical
57
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin

A
  • alpha glucose
    -1-4 and 1-6 linkages
    branched
58
Q

What can fatty acids be?

A

Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated

59
Q

Outline the role of proteins in active and passive transport of molecules through membranes.

A

channel proteins allow diffusion/osmosis/passive transport;

b. large/polar molecules cannot cross the (hydrophobic) membrane freely;
c. facilitated diffusion involves moving molecules through proteins down their concentration gradient/without requiring ATP;
d. aquaporins (specific integral membrane proteins) facilitate the movement of water molecules/osmosis;
e. some proteins (for facilitated diffusion) are specific to molecule/ions;
f. active transport involves moving molecules through proteins against their concentration gradient/requiring ATP;
g. (some) proteins in the membrane are pumps / pumps perform active transport / sodium potassium pump;

60
Q

State the function of energy storage

A

TO provide energy

61
Q

Explain the production of lactose free milk

A
  • lactase is added to the milk and then immobilised
  • lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose
  • for people who are lactose intolerant

Ib biology (11 decks)

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