TOPIC 1B-MORE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards
A) Describe “DNA”
A)-(deoxyribonucleic acid) used to store genetic info
–>all instructions organism needs to grow + develop from fertilised egg to fully grown adult.
B) Descibe “RNA” and it’s function
B)-(ribonucleic acid) similar to DNA
- one main function is to transfer genetic info from DNA to ribosomes (body’s protein factories
- ->read the RNA to make polypeptides (proteins) in process called translation
- ribosomes themselves made from RNA + proteins.
A) What are DNA and RNA polymers of?
B) Outline what a nucleotide is, its structure as well as it’s importance
A)-of nucleotides
B)-its a type of biological molecules
-composition: pentose sugat (sugar with 5 C atoms)/ nitrognen-containing organic base/phosphate group
-they are really important–>for start they’re monomers that make up DNA/RNA.
A) Briefly explain the basic structure of DNA nucleotide
A)-the pentose sugar in DNA nucleotide called deoxyribose
- each DNA nucleotide has same sugar + phosphate group–>base on each nucleotide can vary though
- there are 4 possible bases: Adenine (A)/Thymine (T)/Cytosine (C) + Guanine (G)
B) What is the composition of a basic RNA nucleotide
B)-RNA contains nucleotides with a ribose sugar (not deoxyribose)
- like DNA, an RNA nucleotide also has phosphate group + 1/4 different bases
- in RNA Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T) as a base.
A) Define the term “polynucleotide”
B) Describe the formation of polynucleotides
C) What is the “sugar-phosphate backbone”?
A)-polymer of nucleotides–>both DNA + RNA nucleotides form polynucleotides
B)-nucleotides join via condensation reaction between phosphate group of one nucleotide + sugar of another
–>forms phosphodiester bond (consisting of phosphate group + 2 ester bonds)
C)-chain of sugars + phosphates.
DOUBLE HELIX DNA STRUCTURE:
A) Outline what the Double-helix structure is and how it forms
B) Describe complementary base pairing and what it results in
A)-DNA made of 2 polynucleotide strands/chains in double helix structure which join together via hydrogen bonding between the bases
-2 antiparallel (run in opposite directions) polynucleotide strands twist to form DNA double-helix structure.
B)-each base can only join with one particular partner
-Adenine always pairs with Thymine (A-T: 2 H bonds) and Cytosine with Guanine (C-G: 3 H bonds)
–>means always equal amounts of adenine and thymine in a DNA molecule + equal amounts of cytosine + guanine
A) When was DNA first observed and what did most scientists at that time?
B) By 1953 what did experiments show and what did Watson and Crick show?
A)-1800’s
-they doubted it could carry genetic code as it has relatively simple chemical composition
–>some argued genetic info must be carried by proteins which are more chemically varied.
B)-experiments showed DNA was carrier of genetic code
-this also year in which double-helix structure which helps DNA to carry out it’s function determined by Watson + Crick.
A) Compare the chain of an RNA molecule with a DNA one
A)-its a relatively short polynucleotide chain
- RNA is made from single polynucleotide chain (not double one)
- ->its much shorter than most DNA polynucleotides.
A) Briefly outline what “semi-conservative DNA replication”
B) What does this semi-conservative DNA replication result in?
A)-DNA copies itself before cell division so each new cell has full amount of DNA
-its semi-conservative as half of strands in each new DNA molecule are from original DNA molecule
B)-means there is genetic continuity between generations of cells
–>(i.e: cells produced via cell division inherit genes from their parents).
Outline and explain the steps in DNA replication:
A) Breaking down of the original strand
B) Complementary base pairing
A)-enzyme DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases on 2 polynucleotide DNA strands
–>makes the helix unwind to form 2 single strands.
B)-each original strand acts as template for new strand
–>complementary base pairing means free-floating DNA nucleotides attracted to their complementary exposed bases (A + T and C + G)
C) Joining up of the 2 new strands
D) What is the final result of DNA replication?
C)-condensation reactions join nucleotides of the new strand together–>catalysed by enzyme DNA polymerase
–>hydrogen bonds form between the bases on original strand + new strand
D)-each new DNA molecule contain 1 strand from original DNA molecule and one new strand.
A) How are the end of DNA strands different?
A)-each end different in structure
- one end called 3’ (“three prime”) and other end 5’ ( “five prime”)
- in DNA helix–>strands run in opposite directions-antiparallel.
B) What is significant about the active site of DNA polymerase in terms of the different ends of the DNA strands?
C) Consequently, what does this mean about the direction that the DNA strand is made?
A)-the active site only complementary to 3’ end of newly forming DNA strand–>so enzyme only able to be added to new strand at 3’ end
C)-means new strand made 5’ to 3’ direction + DNA polymerase moves down template in 3’ to 5’ direction
-as the strands in the double-helix are antiparallel–> the DNA polymerase working on one of the template strand moves in opposite direction to DNA polymerase working on other template strand.
A) Give a brief background to the “Meselson and Stahl” experiment
A)-Watson + Crick determined DNA structure BUT also came up with semi-conservative DNA replication theory
- wasn’t confirmed until Meselson + Stahl’s experiment validated the theory
- ->before that people unsure if DNA replication semi-conservative OR conservative
- if method conservative–>original DNA strands would stay together and new DNA molecules would contain 2 new strands.