Topic 1A - Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction between two monomers to make a polymer, this reaction is between two OH groups and releases water
What is hydrolysis?
A reaction that uses water to brake a polymer and leaves them with two OH groups
What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?
The H and OH on carbon one ( the right most carbon ) is switched with the OH being on the bottom in alpha glucose
What is the bond called between two sugar monomers?
A glycosidic bond
What is the test for reducing sugars?
Benedict test. If there is reducing sugars present it goes green, yellow, orange or brick red depending on concentration
What two polysaccharides make up starch?
Amylose and amylopectin
What is cellulose made from and used for?
Non branched beta glucose chains that are held together by hydrogen bonds and is used in cell walls as they are strong
What is the test for starch?
The iodine test. Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution. This turns the solution browny-orange and if starch is present the solution will go dark, blue-black colour
What is a triglyceride made from?
Glycerol and three hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids (hydrocarbon with a COOH group at the end)
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
A phosphate group attached to a glycerol which is attached to two fatty acid chains
What is the test for lipids?
The emulsion test. Add ethanol, shake, then add water if a milky emulation is formed there is lipids present
What is the structure of an amino acid?
R
|
H2N - C - COOH
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HWhat are the four protein structures? Describe them
Primary structure -
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary structure -
The chains form hydrogen bonds between them and form ever an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure -
Coils or folds further, more bonds form between different parts of the chain. (Forms hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridge) this gives a specific 3D structure
Quaternary structure -
Different tertiary structures bond together. Ever makes a globular or a fibrous protein
What is the test for proteins?
The biuret test. Add sodium hydroxide to make it alkaline and then add copper (II) sulfate. If it turns purple then there are proteins present other wise it would stay blue
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst that speeds up a reaction by providing an alternative route which lowers the activation energy
What factors affect enzyme activity and how does it effective it?
Temperature- to high bonds brake and the enzyme is denatured but if it’s stops moving
pH - to high or to low denatures
Substrate conc - increased speed of reaction with more substrate intill all activation sites are full
Enzyme conc - as conc increases reaction increases
