Topic 17: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some elements essential to life

A

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, iron

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2
Q

Describe the energy of electrons as going further away from the nucleus and state which part of electrons participate in biological process

A

The further from the nucleus, the high the electron’s energy.
Valence shell electrons (outer most) participate in biological process.

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3
Q

Differentiate different compounds forming based on electronegativity

A
  • Ionic compounds: large EN difference (one take electrons from the other)
  • Covalent (molecular) compounds: small EN difference (share electrons)
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4
Q

Describe 2 types of covalent bonds

A
  • Polar covalent bonds: small EN differece –> unequal sharing of electrons
  • Non-polar covalent bonds: equal EN –> equal sharing of electrons
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5
Q

Explain oxidation-reduction process and give an example related to biological process in body

A

Oxidation-reduction reaction happens when one molecule is oxidised, or lose H+/electrons, and another is reduced, or receive H+/electrons.
Breakdown of glucose to CO2 is a oxidation-reduction reaction in which the Carbon gets oxidised and Oxygen gets reduced.

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6
Q

Differentiate catabolism and anabolism reactions with examples

A
  • Anabolic reaction is formation of larger molecules as in glucose coming together to produce glycogen or amino acids chain up to create peptides.
  • Catabolic reaction is breakdown of molecule into smaller components as in proteins being broken down into peptides.
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7
Q

Describe the role of ATP as an exchange coin between between catabolic and anabolic processes

A

Catabolic reactions produce ATP which acts as energy currency used to build up other substances in anabolic reactions.

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8
Q

Identify and describe the two main coenzymes present in ATP synthesis

A
  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide:
    + NADH (reduced form): carries electrons and a good electrons donor
    + NAD+ (oxidised form): NOT carries electrons and a good electrons receiver
  • Flavin adenine dinucleotide:
    + FADH2 (reduced form): carries electrons and a good electrons donor
    + FAD (oxidised form): NOT carries electrons and a good electrons receiver
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9
Q

Describe glucose catabolism through the processes of glycolysis, the intermediate reaction, the Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Glucose enters the body and go through a series of steps to be able to be used as ATP.
- Glycolysis: an anaerobic process in cytosol
+ glucose is processed to make 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP
+ some energy is released and captured as electrons by NAD+ to make NADH

  • Intermediate action: aerobic process in mitochondria matrix
    + pyruvate get split to make 2-carbon sugar + CoA to make 2 acetyl CoA
    + the remaining carbon is turned into CO2
    + some energy is released and captured as electrons by NAD+ to make NADH
  • Krebs cycle: aerobic process in mitochondria matrix
    + produces 2 CO2, 4 coenzymes (NADH and FADH2), and 1 ATP
  • Oxidative phospholyration: main mechanism in ATP synthesis , aerobic process in mitochondria
    + Electron transport chain:
    ~ Protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane get reduced by receiving electrons followed with H+ ions from NADH and FADH2.
    ~ The process of electron donation creates energy which is used to pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space.
    ~ Some electrons eventually fall to O2 (H+ follow) to create water
    + Chemiosmosis:
    ~ H+ ions concentrate in the intermembrane space creating a concentration gradient
    ~ H+ ions flow down the gradient via ATP synthase, leading to high potential energy used to combine ADP + Pi to create ATP

The final amount of ATP can go up to 38.

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