Topic 15 - Response to Stimuli Flashcards
Define effectors
A range of different cells, tissues, organs, or systems that carry out a response.
Define stimuli
Detectable change in the internal or external environment.
Define receptors
Cells or organs that detect specific stimuli.
What is the basic sequence of events, starting with a stimulus?
Stimulus -> receptor -> coordinator -> effector -> response
Define coordinator
Intermediary between a receptor and effector, which formulates a suitable response to a stimulus.
Define taxes
- Simple directional response.
- Direction determined by direction of stimulus.
- Move towards stimulus = positive taxis.
- Move away from stimulus = negative taxis.
- E.g. chemotaxis, thermotaxis
Define kineses
- Random non-directional movement.
- Organisms do not move towards or away from stimulus.
- More unpleasant the stimulus, the more rapidly the organism moves.
What is a tropism?
Plant growth in response to a directional stimulus and can either be towards (positive) or away (negative) from stimulus.
Indoleacetic acid (IAA/auxin) in the shoot tip - phototropism
1) Cells in shoot tip produce IAA, diffuses down shoot.
2) Light causes movement of IAA from light side to shaded side.
3) Conc. greater in darker side.
4) Attaches to receptors on membrane of cells.
5) Releases hydrogen ions, lowering the pH.
6) Breaks bonds between microfibrils in the cellulose cell wall, making them more easily stretched so they elongate.
7) Shaded side grows faster = shoot bends towards the light.
Indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the root tip - geotropism
1) Cells in root tip produce IAA, diffuses down root.
2) Gravity causes movement of IAA to lower region in root tip.
3) Conc. greater in lower side of root tip than top.
4) Attaches to receptors on membrane of cells.
5) Lower side grows slower.
6) Top side grows faster = root bends downwards towards centre of Earth.
What are sensory neurones?
Carries nerve impulses from receptors towards central nervous system.
What is the voluntary nervous system?
Carries nerve impulses to body muscles and is under conscious control.
What are motor neurones?
Carries nerve impulses away from central nervous system towards effectors.
What is the central nervous system?
Made up of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Carries nerve impulses to glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.