Topic 14- Visual Identification Flashcards

1
Q

What are the biggest risks involved with visual identification?

A

Getting it wrong can result in possible wrong convictions

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2
Q

What are the three safeguards in place for visual identification?

A

PACE Code D- what the police must do

Turnbull, 1977 rules

Rule against dock identification

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3
Q

Will a breach of Code D PACE lead to the exclusion of the ID evidence?

A

No, not automatically

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4
Q

If there has been a breach of Code D of PACE, what does there need to be to not automatically exclude it?

A

There must be no prejudice that results from the breach

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5
Q

If there has been prejudice caused by a breach of Code D PACE, what needs to be considered?

A

Whether the adverse effect would require the evidence to be excluded

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6
Q

What are some examples of Code D PACE breaches which will lead to an exclusion of ID evidence?

A

Staged encounters outside police station

Failure to hold a formal ID procedure

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7
Q

What must the judge do if there has been a breach of Code D PACE?

A

Consider whether it causes prejudice

Give a direction to the jury if needed

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8
Q

What is dock identification?

A

This is where an accused is identified for the first time during the course of the trial itself (usually from the dock)

This is usually prohibited due to unreliability

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9
Q

Is dock identification reliable?

A

No

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10
Q

Can the use of dock identification in a trial be grounds for appeal?

A

Yes, it can be used to successfully appeal a conviction

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11
Q

If a witness makes a dock identification where none has been solicited by the prosecution, what should the judge do?

A

They should warn the jury against giving it any weight or credence

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the Turnbull direction?

A

1- Judge must warn the jury of the special need for caution before convicting the accused in reliance of the identification

2- Judge must direct the jury to examine closely the circumstances in which the ID came to be made- eg, distance, lighting, impediments, etc

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13
Q

What questions should the jury ask themselves when considering the second Turnbull direction?

A

How long did the witness have the accused under observation?

At what distance?

In what light?

Was there under obstructions?

Had they seen the accused before?

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14
Q

Does a Turnbull direction need to be given if the ID evidence supports the defence?

A

No, it is not appropriate here, but the judge should remind the jury that mistakes can be made

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15
Q

Does a Turnbull direction need to be provided where it benefits the prosecution’s case?

A

Only if the prosecution case depends wholly or substantially on the visual ID

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16
Q

If there has not been a Turnbull direction when one was required, what can happen?

A

The conviction could be quashed as unsafe

17
Q

What evidence can be used to support a disputed identification?

A

Bad character
Previous convictions
Phone data
Self-incrimination

This may provide support for ID

18
Q

If there are two or more disputed identifications, can this be treated as mutually supportive?

A

Yes

I.e, ID from two or more witnesses carries more weight than one

19
Q

Can self-incrimination and lying be used to support a disputed ID?

A

Not necessarily, they must be shown to be deliberate and material

20
Q

Can the accused’s silence or failure to testify be used to support disputed ID?

A

Yes, the court or jury may draw such inferences as appear proper

21
Q

Is a police officer’s identification deemed to be more reliable than an ordinary witness?

A

Yes, there is greater reliability as they are trained

22
Q

Can a trial be stopped where ID is deficient and unsupported by alternative evidence?

A

Yes, the court must acquit

23
Q

Can a defendant be convicted on ID evidence alone?

A

No, there must be alternative supportive evidence

24
Q

If a witness is not 100% sure of their ID, but there is other reliable evidence involved, can this be left to the jury?

A

It can, as the ID is supported by reliable evidence

Therefore, they can be left to draw their own inferences

25
Where an alibi regarding the accused' whereabouts is believed to have been fabricated, what must be considered before using the false alibi in evidence?
They must be sure that the accused deliberately made it up, and can discount on any possible innocent motive for it
26
Where a witness recognises the Defendant, is a Turnbull direction required?
Yes, it is still required to direct the jury on the need for caution
27
If a judge considers that the ID evidence is poor, and there is no supporting evidence, what will they do?
Withdraw the case from the jury and likely acquit the accused
28
Where the defence believe there is poor quality ID and no support evidence, what is the best application to make?
An application for dismissal
29
Are Turnbull directions mandatory or does the judge have a discretion to use it?
They are mandatory in cases that are wholly based on identification procedure