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Physics > Topic 14&15: Particle Model/forces Of Matter > Flashcards

Topic 14&15: Particle Model/forces Of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sublimation?

A

This is when a solid turns into a gas without becoming a liquid first.

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2
Q

What are states of matter?

A

These are the three different forms, which a substance can be: Solid, Liquid or gas.

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3
Q

What is the kinetic theory?

A

This states that everything is made of tiny particles.

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4
Q

What is the arrangement of a solid?

A
  • In solids forces of attraction hold particles close together.
  • the particles can vibrate but cannot move around.
  • this is why solids keep their shape and cannot usually be compressed.
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5
Q

What is the arrangement of a gas?

A

In a gas the particles are far apart and move in random directions quickly. They can be compressed and expand to fill a container.

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6
Q

What happens when a substance undergoes a change of state?

A

The particles end up in a different arrangement. There are the same number of particles so the mass is the same (it is conserved). This is physical change because no new substances are made and the product can be reserved.

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7
Q

Define the term density:

A

The mass of a certain volume of a substance.

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8
Q

Why do the density of substances differ when they change state?

A

The arrangement of particles can explain the differences in density between different states. Solids are usually denser because than the same substance in a liquid or gas form because the particles are closer together and more compressed.

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9
Q

What is the equation to work out density?

A

Density = mass/volume
Kg/m3 Kg m3

P=m/v

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10
Q

Why does ice float on water?

A

Because when water freezes the particles form a spaced out arrangement, meaning that ice is less dense than liquid water. Most other substances become denser when they change from liquid to solid.

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11
Q

What is the method for the practical of measuring density of liquids?

A

1-put an amply beaker on a scale. Put the scale at 0.

2-use a measuring cylinder to measure 50cm3 of a liquid and then put it into a beaker. Write down the reading in the balance. This is the mass of 50cm3 of liquid.

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12
Q

What is the method for the practical of measuring density of solids?

A

1-Find the mass of the solid and write it down.
2-stand a displacement can on the bench with its spout over a bowl. Fill it with water until the water just starts to come out of the spout.
3-hold the measuring cylinder under the spout and carefully drop your object into the can. If your object floats carefully out it down until all of it is under water. Your finger should not be in the water.
4-stand the measuring cylinder on the bench and read the volume of the water you have collected. This is the same as the volume of your object.

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13
Q

Define the term thermal energy:

A

A term used to describe energy stored in hot objects. The hotter something is the more thermal energy it has. It can be transferred to the environment or another object by heating.

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14
Q

Define what is meant by the temperature of a substance?

A

This is the measure of the movement of particles.

Temperature and thermal energy are not the same.

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15
Q

How can you maintain a store of thermal energy?

A

To maintain a store of thermal energy, the amount of energy that is transferred to the surroundings by heating needs to be reduced.

This can be done by surrounding the warm object with insulating materials, such as wool or bubble wrap.

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16
Q

What does the amount of thermal energy stored in something depends on?

A
  • its temperature
  • its mass
  • the material it’s made from
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17
Q

Define the term specific heat capacity:

A

The specific heat capacity of a material is the amount of energy it takes to increase the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1°c.

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18
Q

How does the energy change required change between the different states?

A

When enough energy (usually transferred by heating) is transferred to the solid it reaches its melting point. If energy continues to be transferred, the temperature stops rising because the extra energy is used to overcome the forces between particles and tuns the solid into a liquid.

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19
Q

What is the specific heat latent?

A

The amount of energy it takes to make 1kg of a substance change state.

It takes more energy to evaporate 1kg of a substance than it does to melt 1kg of the same substance. This energy is given out again when a substance condenses or freezes.

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20
Q

What is the equation linking change in thermal energy to mass, specific heat capacity and change in temperature?

A

Change in thermal energy (J) = mass(kg) x specific heat capacity(J/Kg°c)x change in temperature (°c)

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21
Q

What is the formula linking thermal energy needed for a change of state, mass and specific heat latent?

A

Thermal energy needed to change state (J) = mass (kg) x specific heat latent (J/Kg)

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22
Q

What is the temperature of a gas a measure of?

A

The average kinetic energy in the particles in the gas.

The faster the average speed of the particles, the higher the temperature. Heating gas increases the kinetic energy of the particles, so they move faster and the temperature rises.

23
Q

How does the temperature of a gas link to its pressure?

A

The faster the average speed of the particles in a gas, the higher the temperature of the gas. The higher the temperature, the higher the pressure because more particles hit the walls, faster with motors force, more frequently.

24
Q

What is the pressure of the gas due to?

A

The pressure of a gas is due to forces on the walls of the container caused by the moving particles hitting the wall.

25
Q

Will fast moving gas particles in a container have a high or low pressure?

A

The faster the particles are moving, the more frequent the collisions will be and the more force they will exert when they collide.

26
Q

What are the units for pressure?

A

Pascals (Pa)

1Pa = 1N/m^2

27
Q

Define the term absolute zero?

A

The temperature at which the pressure of a gas drops to zero. It is -273°c or 0K.

If a gas could be made this cold its pressure would be zero and it’s particles would not be moving.

28
Q

What is the kelvin temperature scale?

A

This measures temperatures relative to absolute zero. The units are kelvins (K). 1K is the same temperature intervals as 1°C. Absolute zero is 0K on the scale.

29
Q

What do you do to convert Kelvin to °C?

A

Subtract 273.

30
Q

What do you do to convert °c to kelvin?

A

Add 273.

31
Q

What is the relationship between the amount of kinetic energy in a particle and the kelvin temperature of the gas?

A

The average kinetic energy of of the particles in a gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature of the gas.

32
Q

How can you increase pressure in a gas?

A
  • force the gas into a smaller volume (so the particles hit the wall more often as there’s a smaller space)
  • heat the gas particles up so they have more kinetic energy.
33
Q

Define the term gas pressure?

A

The effect of gas particles hitting a surface causes a net force on the surface. The force at right angles to the surface and we detect this as the gas pressure.

34
Q

What equation links the volume and pressure of a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature?

A

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

P= pressure (P1 is starting pressure P2 is final pressure same for volume)
V= volume

Units for pressure and volume are Pa and m^3

35
Q

Define the term work done:

A

The energy transferred from one source to another.

36
Q

Forced can deform or change the shape of an object. It requires more than one force to stretch, bend or compress an object. True or false?

A

True.

37
Q

Define the term elastic:

A

This means that an object will return to its original shape when the forces are removed.

38
Q

Define the term inelastic:

A

This means they will keep their shape after the forces are removed.

39
Q

Some objects are elastic when the forces are small but behave inelastically if the forces are too big, give an example of an object that behaves like this:

A

Metals can be made into springs that began elastically by if the forces used to stretch them become too big they are permanently deformed.

40
Q

What does extension mean?

A

The extension of a spring (or other object) is the change in length when forces are applied.

41
Q

What kind of relationship does metal spring have between the force and the length?

A

Their is a linear relation in between the force and the length. This means the force is directly proportional to the length.

42
Q

She does the relationship between the force and length of the spring become non-linear?

A

The relationship becomes non-linear when the spring is stretched too far. Other objects like rubber bands also have non-linear relationships.

43
Q

Define the term spring constant:

A

This is the force needed to produce an extension of 1 metre.

44
Q

What equation links together force, extension and spring constant?

A

Force = spring constant x extension
(N) (N/m) (m)

F = k x X

45
Q

What equation is used to calculate the energy transferred in stretching a spring?

A

Energy transferred in stretching(J)= 1/2 x spring constant (N/m) x (extension)^2 (m)^2

E = 1/2 x K x X^2

46
Q

What is pressure measured in?

A

pascals (Pa)

1Pa = 1N/m^2

47
Q

What equation links pressure, force and area?

A

Pressure (Pa) = force normal to the surface (N) / area of surface (m^2)

48
Q

Define the term fluid:

A

Liquid or gas.

49
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

The pressure from the air. Pressure caused by fluids always acts normal to any surface.

50
Q

What does the pressure exerted by a fluid depend on?

A

It depends on the depth of the fluid. The deeper you are the more weight of fluid there is above you to exert pressure.

51
Q

Define the term density:

A

The mass of a substance per unit volume.

52
Q

What equation can you use to work out the pressure due to a column of liquid?

A

Pressure due to a column of liquid(Pa) = height of column(m) x density of liquid (kg/m^3) x gravitational field strength(N/kg)

P = h x p x g

53
Q

What is upthrust?

A

The upward force a liquid or has exerts on a body floating in it.

54
Q

What causes upthrust?

A

The force is due to differences in pressure above and below the object.

Physics (11 decks)

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