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MMI 133 > Topic 13: The Body's Defences (part 2) > Flashcards

Topic 13: The Body's Defences (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

a part of the immune system involving one way lymph vessels that carry lymph from tissues back to the blood

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2
Q

what is lymph

A

fluid containing WBCs, plasma, and wastes from blood

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3
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

receive and filter lymph and interact with immune cells

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4
Q

What is agglutination

A

Antibodies that bind multiple antigens (clump together) increases chances of phagocytosis & reduces solubility

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5
Q

B-cells

A

SECRETE ANTIBODIES
mature in bone marrow then concentrate in lymph nodes and spleen
divide into Plasma Cells and Memory B- Cells

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6
Q

What is a vaccination

A

Provides immunity from a pathogen by forcing the body to make memory B cells and/or T cells

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7
Q

Describe the humoral immune response

A

B Cells secrete antibodies; antibodies destroy microbe

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8
Q

2 steps of a typical Humoral Response

A
  1. Dendritic cell engulfs an antigen; and presents it on its cell surface
  2. In a Lymph node, a B cell attaches and recognizes the Ag
  3. B cell is activated and memory cell is made
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9
Q

What are antigens

A

Specific molecules (usually foreign) recognized by antibodies

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10
Q

What is neutralization

A

Neutralize a toxin or pathogen

so that it is unable to bind host cells/tissues

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11
Q

What are T-cells and where do they mature

A

lymphocytes that mature in thymus

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12
Q

what are the four types of T-cells?

A

Cytotoxic T-Cells, Natural Killer T-Cells, Helper T-Cells, Regulatory T-Cells

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13
Q

Function of cytotoxic T-cells

A

Kill other cells with specific antigens

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14
Q

Function of Natural killer T-cells

A

Can recognize and destroy cells infected by viruses

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15
Q

Function of helper T-cells

A

Secrete messages (cytokines) that regulate/activate other immune cells

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16
Q

Function of regulatory T-cells

A

Repress and prevent overactivity of immune cells (from attacking self)

17
Q

What are attenuated vaccines

A

Uses genetically altered pathogens that are no longer virulent, but can still reproduce

18
Q

What is the cell-mediated immune response

A

Does not involve antibodies; is the activation of phagocytes and T Cells

19
Q

3 steps of a typical Cell-Mediated Response:

A
  1. Antigen on infected cell’s surface is recognized by T cell
  2. T cell gets activated by helper T cell
  3. T cell clones itself and becomes or recruits cytotoxic T cells
20
Q

What is an antibody

A

a molecule which specifically recognizes and binds a particular epitope on an antigen

21
Q

Describe ELISA

A

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

Used to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody in a sample

22
Q

Four steps of ELISA

A
  1. Bind sample to microplate
  2. Apply specific antibody
  3. Apply 2nd antibody with an enzyme linked to it
  4. Add substrate; colour will develop if substrate is consumed
23
Q

What is clonal deletion

A

The body eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent attack on self. (Failure can lead to auto-immune diseases).

24
Q

Describe a conjugate vaccine

A

Vaccine attaches a poor antigen that is easily spotted by the immune system to a strong antigen to elicit a bigger immune response

25
Q

What does opsonization do

A

stimulates phagocytosis by neutrophils/macrophages

26
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

specific types of Leukocytes (WBC) that include B and T cells

27
Q

What is a toxoid vaccine

A

Uses inactivated toxin as the vaccine

28
Q

Describe the five features of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Specificity
    • Recognize a particular molecule (antigen)
  2. Inducibility
    • Cells get activated only in response to specific pathogens
  3. Clonality
    • Active cells duplicate themselves (clones)
  4. No response to self
    • The immune system doesn’t attack its own body
  5. Memory
    • The immune system remembers and reacts faster during a second exposure to pathogen
29
Q

Describe the five components of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. lymphatic system
  2. antigens
  3. antibodies
  4. lymphocytes (B+T cells)
  5. chemical signals + mediators
    • cytokines, interleukins + more chemical messengers that send messages between immune cells
30
Q

Distinguish between antibody, antigen, and epitope.

A

antigen - used to recognize foreign things
antibody - bind to antigens
epitope - The specific region of an antigen which is bound by a specific antibody (there may be several per antigen)

31
Q

Describe four functions of antibodies.

A
  1. opsonization
    • induces phagocytosis
  2. antibody- dependent cellular cytokinesis
    • non-phagocytotic killing mediated by natural killer cells, neutrophils and eosinophils
  3. active complement system
    • enhances opsonization and lyses some bacteria
  4. agglutination
    • clumping of pathogen creating large complex. increases recognition/phagocytosis
32
Q

Compare and contrast humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

A

humoral - small microbes, macromolecules

cell-mediated - large parasites, intercellular pathogens, tumors

33
Q

Why is there no vaccine for the common cold?

A

Over 200 know strains!

Many of them mutate from season to season!

34
Q

Why do we have a new flu vaccine each year?

A

Virus mutates and new strains arise each year requiring new vaccines

35
Q

What are the four types of vaccines?

A

attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit/conjugate, toxoid

36
Q

killed/inactivated vaccines

A

microbe is killed or deactivated and cannot replicate or cause disease but can still train immune system (make memory cells)

37
Q

Role of memory B cells

A

Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up the response if the same antigen reappears

MMI 133 (3 decks)

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