Topic 13 - An Intro to AS Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Define

Hydrocarbon

Answer 1

Compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY

Question 2

Characteristics of a

Homologous Series

families of organic compounds

Answer 2

1. Same functional group, therefore similar chemical properties
2. Same general formula
3. CH2 as a repeating unit or mass 14 (difference between two)
4. Names end with the same suffix
5. Gradual change/trend in physical properties as number of C increases

Question 3

Describe

Functional group

Answer 3

this is an atom or a group of atoms that directly participate in a chemical reaction
can have bond polarity

Question 4

Describe

Nucleophile

Answer 4

nucleus loving
has a negative charge
electron rich

Question 5

Describe

Electrophile

Answer 5

Electron loving
Positive Charge
Electron deficient

Question 6

Heterolytic fission

Answer 6

is breaking a covalent bond in such a way that the more electronegative atom takes both the electrons from the bond to form a negative ion and leaves behind a positive ion

bonding electrons are unequally shared - half curly arrow

Question 7

Homolytic fission

Answer 7

breaking a covalent bond in such a way that each atom takes an electron from the bond to form two radicals

bonding electrons are equally shared full curly arrow

Question 8

List

Functional groups

Answer 8

1. Alkane
2. Alkene
3. Alkyne (c triple)
4. Carbonyl C=O
5. Hydroxyl
6. Carboxyl (acid)
7. Amino -NH2
8. Nitrile - C triple N
9. Amide
10. Ester
11. Ether
12. Benzyl or Phenyl

Question 9

Saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 9

hydrocarbons which contain single bonds only resulting in the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule

Question 10

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Answer 10

hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds

therefore can not make maximum possible bonds

Question 11

Describe

Isomers

Answer 11

Same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 12

Types of Isomerism

Answer 12

1. Structural isomerism
   * Chain
   * Position
   * Functional group
   2.Stereoisomerism
   * Cis-trans/Geometric/ E or Z
   * Optical Isomers

Question 13

Possible shapes of organic molecules

Answer 13

Straight chained, branched, cyclic

Question 14

Explain

Chiral centre

Answer 14

non-symmetrical carbon atom bonded to 4 different priority groups