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Perf Tech II (exam 3) > Topic 12 Immune Response & Inflammation > Flashcards

Topic 12 Immune Response & Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

The three major players in immunity

A

white blood cells
antibody
complement system

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2
Q

Antigen

A

anything foreign that enters the body

–can bind to antibody and/or can bind to receptors on the T or B cells

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3
Q

Target cells

A

antigenic cells that will be destroyed by immune system

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4
Q

Immunogene

A

any substance that can stimulate an immune response
all are antigenic (can bind with antibody)
not all antigens are immunogens

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5
Q

Pathogen

A

antigen with ability to cause disease

usually microorganism or toxin

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6
Q

Are all antigens immunogens?

A

No

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7
Q

any substance that can stimulate an immune response

A

Immunogene

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8
Q

Microorganisms

A

bacteria / viruses / parasites / fungi / yeasts

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9
Q

cells from genetically dissimilar individual

A

Allogeneic cells

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10
Q

Infected cells

A

cells inhabited by viruses / certain bacteria /

parasites

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11
Q

Antigen examples

A

Infected cells, microorganisms, allogeneic cells, malignant

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12
Q

Leukocytes normal count? per mL

A

Avg adult has 75 billion circulating WBCs

NORMAL COUNT: 5,000 to 10,000 per mL

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13
Q

Neutrophiles: % of total

A

40 to 75% of total

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14
Q

Lymphocytes: % of total

A

20 to 45%
–
T Cells / B Cells

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15
Q

Monocytes: % of total

A

Up to 8%

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16
Q

Eosinophils: % of total

A

1 to 6%

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17
Q

Basophils: % of total

A

Up to 1%

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18
Q

Most numerous, named for granules in cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes

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19
Q

What are 3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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20
Q

large white cells, become macrophages in body tissues

A

monocytes

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21
Q

differentiate into B-and T-cells

A

Lymphocytes

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22
Q

Where are Neutrophils made?

A

hematopoietic marrow

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23
Q

Neutrophils where are they in body? Circulate ?

A

50% circulate
50% adhere to blood vessel wall
–Margination
–Ready to move into tissues

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24
Q

Neutrophils function ?

A

phagocytosis

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25
Q

Neutrophils life span

A

hours to days

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26
Q

Neutrophils size?

A

10-15micrometer diameter

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27
Q

What are the first to enter an infected area?

A

Neutrophils

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28
Q

Neutrophils are the first to enter an infected area - they are attracted via what?
and phagocytize/d what?

A

-Attracted via chemotaxis
–Phagocytize invading organism
–Die
–Phagocytized by macrophages

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29
Q

Where do Eosinophils develop and mature?

A

hematopoietic marrow

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30
Q

Eosinophils are appear in what areas?

A

where foreign protein and parasites are

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31
Q

Involved in allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils

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32
Q

Eosinophils destroy what?

A

Designed to destroy cells coated with IgG

antibodies, IgE antibodies and complement proteins

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33
Q

Eosinophils reside where?

A

tissues–Skin, bronchi, bronchioles

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34
Q

Eosinophils release what?

A

antitoxin (Major Basic Protein) to destroy organisms

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35
Q

Very effective against parasitic worms?

A

Eosinophils

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36
Q

Eosinophils life span

A

12-24 hrs

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37
Q

Least common Granulocyte

A

Basophils

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38
Q

What granulocyte chemotaxis and phagocytic activity

A

Basophils

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39
Q

Basophils main function to release what?

A

Release histamine (dilation)
release of heparin in areas of foreign invasion to prevent blood clots
from forming
–Blood clots–blood can’t circulate–WBC cannot get to foreign organism to destroy–tissue necrosis

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40
Q

Basophils have receptors for what?

A

Have receptors for IgE antibody

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41
Q

How are Basophils similar to mast cells?

A

Also contain histamine granules

Also have surface receptors for IgE antibody

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42
Q

Where do Basophils circulate

A

Blood

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43
Q

Where are monocytes/macrophages made?

A

bone marrow

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44
Q

Monocyte/macrophage circulate how/how long?

A

circulate immature - mono
Leave the blood and travel to the tissues (Mature into macrophages)
Actively phagocytic–Concentrated in liver sinusoids, spleen, lungs
Monocytes in blood for 1-2 days
Macrophages in tissues for months to years

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45
Q

Monocyte/macrophage size?

A

12-20 micrometers

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46
Q

Lymphocytes - activated? circulate? wait where

A

Specific immune response when antigen invades
Activated when they recognize foreign matter
Circulate in blood
Wait in lymph nodes for antigens to appear

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47
Q

Lymphocytes play a role in rejection of what?

A

Play a role in rejection of organ transplants

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48
Q

T cells - mature where and do what?

A

Mature in thymus
Learn to recognize self
Attack self tissues–destroyed

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49
Q

Membrane receptors on T-Cells bind to what?

A

protein antigens–Need to recognize certain fragments of protein antigens

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50
Q

Antigen presenting cells (ie. Macrophage)

digest and display a peptide fragment on cell surface that what recognizes?

A

that T-cells can recognize

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51
Q

Once T-Cells recognize–bind antigen what happens?

A

Release cytokines (interleukins)

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52
Q

Different types of T Cells

A

-Helper T-Cells
–Cytotoxic T Cells
–Suppressor T Cells
–Memory T Cells

53
Q

Antibody molecules: protein molecules:

A

immunoglobulin

54
Q

Antibody molecules produced by what>

A

Produced by B lymphocyte cells (plasma cells) in response to a specific antigen–after initial exposure, takes 14 days to reach full power (lag time)

55
Q

Five classes of Antibody Molecules

A

IgG; IgM; IgD; IgA; IgE

56
Q

Antibody molecules must do what to be effective ?

A

Must bind with the outer surface of the antigen

57
Q

Can antibody molecules cross the cell membrane ?

A

NO

58
Q

Antibody molecules functions (2)

A 
opsonize antigen (mark antigen for destruction)
activate complement cascade
59
Q

Opsonization does what?

A

Coating of antigen with antibody and complement
Provides targeting mechanism for the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages allowing them to bind, engulf, and destroy the antigen
Provides points where the phagocytes can attach to the antigen

60
Q

Phagocytic cells have two specific receptors on their membrane surface

A

–Fc receptor: binds with antibody

–C3 receptor: binds with complement

61
Q

Antigen Destruction Mediated by Antibody types(4)

A

Opsonization
Lysis
Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Neutralization

62
Q

Lysis

A

complement activation leads to production of the membrane attack complex (MAC)
–the MAC will lyse the antigens membrane

63
Q

Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

cell destruction carried out by natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils of target cells opsonized by antibody

64
Q

Neutralization

A

antibody renders the antigen toxins harmless

65
Q

Most antibodies fall into what two classes?

A

IgG or IgM class

66
Q

What is the antibody class determined by?

A

Class determined by the amino acid arrangements in heavy and light chains
–same arrangement in specific area of chain

67
Q

IgM antibody class First antibody produced against an antigen by what cells?

A

B cells/ plasma cells

–increased levels indicate new infection

68
Q

IgM antibody class First antibody produced by what age?

A

fetus–increased levels indicate infection in

newborn

69
Q

IgM antibody class is what % if circulating antibodies

A

Accounts for 10 to 15% of circulating antibody

70
Q

Largest antibody class?

A

IgM

remains in vascular system

71
Q

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies are part of what class of antibodies?

A

IgM

72
Q

IgM function?

A

Activate Complement system

73
Q

IgM can cause antigens to do what?

A

Can cause antigen agglutination

74
Q

Second class of antigen to be released

A

IgD

75
Q

IgD fxn?

A

Has little immunologic effect on antigen

May assist with the maturation of B cells into plasma cells

76
Q

Third class of antibodies released

A

IgE

77
Q

IgE concentrations?

A

Found in very low concentrations in plasma
Increases with allergic reactions/anaphylactic reactions and parasitic infections
–causative agent for asthma, hay fever and other allergic reactions

78
Q

IgE bind with what two types of cells?

A

Bind with basophils and mast cells stimulating

them to release histamine

79
Q

Fourth antibody class released
Most Important
Most potent

A

IgG

80
Q

IgG % of antibody in system?

A

Comprises 80% of antibody in the immune system

–produced in greatest amounts on second exposure to antigen

81
Q

Only antibody that can cross the placenta?

A

IgG
provides immunologic protection for fetus
Rh antibody is an IgG antibody
Hemolytic disease of the newborn

82
Q

IgG is very effective at binding and destroying what?

A

Very effective at binding and destroying antigen

83
Q

4 subgroups of IgG

A

IgG1-4

84
Q

–IgG4

A

produces potent vasodilators

Protects bronchioles

85
Q

-IgG3

A

activates complement proteins

Enhances phagocytosis of antigen

86
Q

–IgG2

A

attacks and destroys organisms encased in a saccharide coat. i.e. - Rest of bacteria

87
Q

IgG1

A

protects body from (most) bacteria

88
Q

IgA major antibody where?

A

Major antibody in the body fluids and mucous
secreted by the mucous membranes
–tears / breast milk / bronchiole secretions /saliva

89
Q

IgA does what to the antigen ?

A

Binds with antigen to immobilize it– allows mucin (main ingredient of mucous) to remove antigen-antibody complex

90
Q

What does IgA do to the complement system

A

Cannot activate the complement system

91
Q

IgA triggers what?

A

trigger cell-mediated immune reactions

92
Q

Immune system does what?

A

Protects individual against infectious pathogens

Must recognize and destroy harmful invaders–but do no damage to normal body tissue

93
Q

Immune system major players

A

Major players-white blood cells, antibody and the complement system–variety of chemical mediators

94
Q

Immune types? (2)

A

innate, adaptive

95
Q

Innate Immunity how does it work?

A 
Inborn / natural
First line of defense–always present
Able to respond quickly
Uses general recognition mechanisms to detect antigen–recognizes microorganisms–limited number of recognition proteins available
Inflammation
96
Q

Innate Immunity major players

A

epithelial barriers / phagocytes / complement / natural killer cells

97
Q

Innate Immunity long term?

A

Does NOT produce long term immunity to antigen

98
Q

Inflammation is what type of Immunity ?

A

Innate Immunity

99
Q

Adaptive Immunity is what?

A

Responds to specific antigen–can be non microbial–millions of recognition proteins
Develops after exposure to antigen
Slow response
Produces very powerful response

100
Q

Adaptive Immunity major players

A

Lymphocytes (T & B cells) are the major players

101
Q

Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity (5)

A

Specificity
–immune reaction specific for offending antigen
Diversity
–lymphocytes can respond to millions of antigens
Memory
–lymphocytes can remember any antigen previously encountered
Self-regulation
Self-tolerance
–lymphocytes can distinguish self-tissue from non self

102
Q

Self Regulation of Adaptive Immunity

A

lymphocytes can shut down activity after antigen is destroyed

103
Q

Diversity (adaptive immunity)

A

lymphocytes can respond to millions of antigens

104
Q

When is the immune response stimulated?

A

Immune response initiated when antigen stimulates activation of T and B cells

105
Q

Immune response phases?

A

cognitive phase
activator phase
effector phase

106
Q

Cognitive phase of immune response?

A

First phase

antigen interacts with the T lymphocytes

107
Q

Activator Phase of immune response?

A

Second phase
T cells respond by releasing cytokines
cytokines stimulate proliferation of T & B cells

108
Q

Effector Phase of immune response?

A

(third phase)

granulocytes / macrophages / complement activated antigen opsonized and engulfed

109
Q

T Lymphocytes do what?

A

Direct immune response against protein antigen
Responsible for the type of white cells that respond and how they respond
T cells must recognize the antigen

110
Q

T cell antigen response is called

A

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

111
Q

T cells destroy what?

A

Destroy malignant cells, allogeneic cells and infected cells via lysis

112
Q

T cells assist phagocytosis how?

A

Assist phagocytosis via release of cytokines that activate other phagocytic cells

113
Q

Involved with delayed hypersensitivity immune reactions

A

T cells

114
Q

Responsible for certain types of autoimmune disorders

A

T cells

115
Q

Cause some types of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation

A

T cells

116
Q

T cells aid what?

A

Aid B cells / plasma cells in antibody production

117
Q

T cells produced and mature where?

A

Produced in bone marrow
Mature in thymus
–cells trained to distinguish self-tissue from non self-tissue

118
Q

T cells travel where once mature?

A

Leave thymus–travel to secondary lymphatic organs
–lymph nodes
–spleen
–tonsils

119
Q

How are T cells categorized

A

by protein molecules on cell membrane (i.e. CD8+ / CD4+)

120
Q

Types of T cells (2)

A

cytotoxic cells CD8+
–helper cells CD4
–suppressor cells

121
Q

Cytotoxic T cell once activated destroy what?

A

Destroy virally infected cells, allogenic cells (organ transplant), malignant cells
Once activate, release lytic molecules that rupture target cell

122
Q

Helper T cells (CD4) do what?

A

Assist or activate other white cells–release cytokines to call other cells
Do not destroy antigen directly

123
Q

what is MHC

A

MHC is major histocompatibility complex
found on most body cells
divided into Class I or Class II
binds with antigen fragments

124
Q

Helper T cells - CD4 - two subsets

A

-TH1: inflammatory helper; releases cytokines that convert inactive T cells into cytotoxic T cells
–TH2: release cytokines needed for B cell activation and antibody secretion; MUST be present

125
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Activated to stop immune response once antigen has been destroyed

126
Q

B Lymphocytes -Produce antibody in response to antigen

A

–called HUMORAL IMMUNITY

127
Q

B Lymphocytes Must be activated by what type of cells before producing antibody against protein antigen

A

TH2 helper cells

128
Q

Once B Lymphocytes are activated what happens?

A

proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
–plasma cells produce the antibodies for the specific antigen
–antibody will be produced until antigen has been destroyed

129
Q

Protein antigen is present
Ingested by _____1____
Dendritic cell moves to the lymph node
Digested protein bound into a groove on the __2___ on surface of dendritic cell

A
  1. dendritic cells (in skin)–Antigen is digested to small peptides
  2. MHC molecule

Perf Tech II (exam 3) (3 decks)

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