Topic 1.2: Cell Ultrastructure

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

Question 2

Kingdom of prokaryotes

Answer 2

Monera (Bacteria)

Question 3

Structures of prokaryotic cells (9)

Answer 3

a) Cytoplasm
b) Nucleoid
c) Plasmids
d) Ribosomes
e) Cell membrane
f) Cell wall
g) Slime capsule
h) Flagella
i) Pili

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

Internal fluid component of the cell

Question 5

Nucleoid

Answer 5

Region of the cytoplasm where DNA is locked

Question 6

Plasmids

Answer 6

Autonomous circular DNA

Question 7

Ribosomes

Answer 7

Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis

Question 8

Cell Membrane

Answer 8

Semipermeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

Question 9

Cell Wall

Answer 9

Rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan that maintains shape and prevents bursting

Question 10

Slime Capsule

Answer 10

A polysaccharide layer used for protection against dessication

Question 11

Flagella

Answer 11

Slender projection that enable movement

Question 12

Pili

Answer 12

Hair like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces and bacterial conjugation

Question 13

Bacteria cell division

Answer 13

Binary fission

Question 14

Binary fission process (4)

Answer 14

a) Circular DNA is copied
b) DNA loops attach to the membrane
c) Cell enlogates, separating the loops
d) Cytokinesis occurs to form two cells.

Question 15

Eukaryotes

Answer 15

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and a compartmentalised structure.

Question 16

Structures in Eukaryotic cells (13)

Answer 16

a) Ribosomes 80S
b) Cytoskeleton
c) Plasma membrane
d) Nucleus
e) Endoplasmic Reticulum
f) Golgi Apparatus
g) Mitochondrion
h) Vesicles
i) Lysosomes
j) Flagellum
k) Centrosome
l) Chloroplast
m) Cell wall

Question 17

Ribosomes

Answer 17

Complexes of RNA and protein providing polypeptide synthesis

Question 18

Cytoskeleton

Answer 18

Provides internal structure and mediates intracellular transport.

Question 19

Plasma membrane

Answer 19

Semipermeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell.

Question 20

Nucleus

Answer 20

Stores genetic material as chromatin

Question 21

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 21

Transports materials between organelles

Question 22

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 22

Involved in the sorting, storing, modification, and export of secretory products.

Question 23

Mitochondrion

Answer 23

Site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)

Question 24

Vesicles

Answer 24

Transport materials inside of a cell

Question 25

Lysosomes

Answer 25

Contain digestive enzymes for breakdown of ingested food, unwanted or damaged organelles, or even the cell itself.

Question 26

Flagellum

Answer 26

Used for locomotion

Question 27

Centrosome

Answer 27

Microtubules used for cell division

Question 28

Chloroplast

Answer 28

Site of photosynthesis

Question 29

Cell wall

Answer 29

Provides support and mechanical strength.

Question 30

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells (4)

Answer 30

a) DNA
b) Organelles
c) Reproduction
d) Average size

Question 31

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

a) DNA

Answer 31

a) DNA is naked, circular

b) DNA linear, bound to protein

Question 32

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

b) Organelles

Answer 32

a) No nucleus, 70S Ribosomes

b) Nucleus, 80S Ribosomes

Question 33

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

c) Reproduction

Answer 33

a) Via binary fission

b) Via mitosis and meiosis

Question 34

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

d) Average size

Answer 34

a) Small (1 - 5 mm)

b) Large (10 - 100 mm)

Question 35

Animal vs Plant Cells (4)

Answer 35

a) Chloroplast
b) Cell wall
c) Vacuole
d) Cholesterol in membrane

Question 36

Advantages of electron microscopes (2)

Answer 36

a) Higher magnification (Smaller structures)

b) Higher resolution (Clear images)