Topic 11: Animal Physiology

Question 1

Explain how bacteria resist antibiotics.

Question 2

Explain how antibodies are produced after the immune response.

Question 3

Outline the steps of an allergy reaction.

Answer 3

Allergies are the result of an immune response triggered by antigens on the surface of an allergen, such as pollen.

Question 4

Explain the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Question 5

Describe the structure of a sarcomere.

Question 6

Explain the sliding filament theory.

Question 7

Identify and describe the role of each part of the nephron.

Question 8

Explain the process of ultrafiltration in the glomerulus.

Question 9

Outline how ADH affects the reabsorption of water.

Question 10

Compare and contrast the blood before and after entering and leaving the kidney. (renal artery vs renal vein)

Question 11

Outline acrosome reaction.

Question 12

How does fertilization occur in the oviduct?

Question 13

What is the role of the blastocyst in pregnancy?

Question 14

Identify seminiferous tubule in electron micrograph and know its role.

Question 15

Explain how hormones influence menstrual cycle.

Question 16

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Question 17

What is an antigen?

Answer 17

Every organism has cells with unique molecules on the cell surface membrane which act as markers to identify it. These unique markers are macromolecules and they allow cell-to-cell recognition. The immune system has the ability to distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ based on these molecules. Molecules that trigger an immune response in this way are named antigens. Antigens are found on cell surface membranes of cancer cells, bacterial cell walls, the envelopes of viruses, and even pollen grains

Question 18

Blood typing (how parents blood type can be passed to children).

Answer 18

Blood type A has a type A antigen consisting of an initial ‘H’ marker which is modified with another molecule called N-acetylgalactosamine.

Blood type B has a type B antigen consisting of an initial ‘H’ marker which is modified with another molecule called galactose.

Blood type AB has type A and B antigens consisting of two ‘H’ markers one of which is modified with N-acetylgalactosamine and the other with galactose.

In blood type O, the ‘H’ marker is not modified and so there are no A or B antigens.

TYPE AB+ HAS ALL 3 ANTIGEN TYPES AND
SO CAN RECEIVE BLOOD TRANSFUSION AT ALL
OTHER BLOOD TYPES. TYPE O- HAS NO ANTIGENS AND IS THEREFORE CALLED
THE “UNIVERSAL DONOR.

Question 19

What is the function of ADH and how does it work in response to the body’s needs?

Question 20

Structure of the kidney.

Question 21

Osmoregulators vs osmoconformers.

Question 22

Process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Question 23

Explain in full muscle contractions.