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CHEMISTRY > Topic 11 > Flashcards

Topic 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are addition polymers

A

Relatively large molecules made by combing smaller molecules contains c- c bonds
-

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2
Q

A polymer is a substance :

A

Of high average relative molecular mass, Mr

Made up of small repeating units

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3
Q

Poly(ethene) is a polymers made by combining many

A

ethene molecules (monomers)

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4
Q

Properties of poly(ethene)

A

Flexible cheap good electrical insulator

Use - plastic bags plastic bottles and cling film

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5
Q

Properties of poly(propane)

A

Flexible shatterproof has a high softening point

Uses- buckets and bowls

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6
Q

Properties of poly(chloroethene)

PVC

A

Tough cheap long lasting good electrical insulator

Use - window frames gutters and pipes insulation for electrical wires

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7
Q

Properties of PTFE

poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A

Tough slippery resistant to corrosion good electrical insulator

Uses - non stick coatings for frying panda containers for corrosive substances and insulation for electric wires

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8
Q

What are polyesters

A

Condensation polymers rather than addition polymers

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9
Q

Two monomers

A

Polyesters need two different monomers

1- a molecule containing two carboxylic acid croutons
1- a molecule contains two alcohol groups

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10
Q

When does an Ester link form?

A

Each time two different monomers react together

One molecule of water forms each time an water link forms

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11
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

When the two different monomers react together, producing a water molecule

The other molecule has a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group
These groups can react with more monomers
This process continues producing a very long polyester molecule

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12
Q

What’s DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Found in nucleus of cells “double helix” structure

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13
Q

DNA is a polymer made from monomers called

A

Nucleotides

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14
Q

What are proteins

A

Polymers made from monomers called amino acids

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15
Q

Manufacture of polymers

A

Crude oil is the main raw material needed to make addition polymers and most condesnsatuon polymers. Crude oil is:

  • a finite resource
  • a non-renewable resource
  • often imported by users - it’s supply and cost vary over time
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16
Q

Polymer problems

Non-biodegradability

A

Most artificial polymers are not biodegradable :

This is useful because objects made from polymers last a long time

This is a problem because objects made from polymers do not break down easily when they are disposed of:(

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17
Q

What does biodegradable mean

A

Materials eventually rot away:
Microbes feed on them
This breaks them down

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18
Q

Four ways to dispose of polymers

A

Landfill sites
Burning
Biodegradable polymers
Recycling

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19
Q

Landfill sites

A

:(
Polymers are not biodegradable
They last for many years
We are running out of landfill sites

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20
Q

Burning polymers

A

:(

Many polymers release toxic gases when they Burn

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21
Q

Biodegradable polymers

A

:)
These are being developed
They will not rot away in landfill sites

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22
Q

Recycling of polymers

A

:)
Melting and reforming into new objects
Breaking down into new raw materials

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23
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of landfill sites

A

Most waste goes into landfill

Waste is disposed of quickly
Waste is out of sight once it is covered over

:( space for landfill sites is running out
Most polymers are not biodegradable and will last for many years
Landfill sites are unsightly and attravtcpeats

24
Q

The alcohols form a

A

Homologous series of compounds

25
Q

The alcohols:

A
  • have the same functional group, -OH
  • have similar chemical properties
  • differ in the molecular formulae of neighbouring members by CH2
  • show a gradual variation in physical properties, such as boiling points
26
Q

Alcohol names

A

End in ol

Methanol
Ethanol

27
Q

Structure of alcohols

A

Has a hydroxyl group

28
Q

Methanol, ethanol and propanol all:

A

Dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
React with sodium to produce hydrogen
Burn in air :
For example-

Methanol + oxygen -> CO2!+ water

29
Q

Burning or combustion is an example of

A

An oxidation reaction

30
Q

Ethanol burns in air

A

Ethanol + oxygen -> CO2 + water

31
Q

Ethanol can also be oxidised to ethanoic acid by :

A

Chemicals called oxidising agents or
The action of microbes

Ethanoic acid is the main acid in vinegar

32
Q

Formula for ethanol

A

C2H5OH

33
Q

Ethanol is produced from

A

Carbohydrates in aqueous solution by a process called fermentation

Carbon dioxide is also produced in this reaction
The carbohydrates can be sugars from fruit such as grapes or from the breakdown of starch from wheat or barley

34
Q

Yeast is a

A

Single-felled fungus

It provides enzymes for fermentation to happen

Glucose -> ethanol + CO2

35
Q

Explain why the fermentation mixture must be kept warm and under anaerobic conditions

A

The reaction is too slow at low temperatures and the yeast enzymes do not work at Hugh temperature
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration if oxygen is present aerobic respiration happens instead producing only a carbon dioxide and water

36
Q

Fractional distillation is used to obtain a concentration solution of ethanoic
This works because :

A

Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water

It is not possible to obtain pure ethanol by this method alone the small amounts of water that remains must be absorbed chemically

37
Q

Carboxylic acids form a

A

Homologous series of compounds

38
Q

The carboxylic acids :

A

Have the same functional group, -COOH

Have similar chemical properties

Differ in the molecular formulae of neighbouring members by CH2

Show a gradual variation in physical properties such a sbioiling points

39
Q

Names of carboxylic acids

A

End in anoic acid

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid

40
Q

Structure of carboxylic acid

A

Has a carboxylic group

41
Q

Reactions of carboxylic acids

A

Have the typical properties of acids they can:
• reactxwith carbonated to produce a salt water and carbon dioxide
•react with magnesium and other reactive metals to produce a salt and hydrogen
•dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions

42
Q

Carboxylic acids are

A

Weak acids

43
Q

Weak acids

A

Only partially dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water eg

Ethanoic acid reversible Ethanoate ion + hydrogen ion

At the same concentration weak acids have a higher pH than strong acids such as hydrochloride acid

44
Q

What are nanoparticles

A

Structure consisting of only a few hundred atoms

45
Q

Nanoparticles have a very small size so

A

Nanoparticulate materials have different properties from the same substance in larger pieces as a bulk material

46
Q

Nanoparticles are useful for

A

Sunscreens - they still absorb harmful ultraviolet light from the sun but cannot be seen on the skin

Lightweight strong materials - such as carbon nanotube in tennis rackets

Future drug delivery systems - buckyballs consist of hollow balls of carbon atoms

47
Q

Surface area to volum for nanoparticles

A

Very large

Therefor useful for catalysts eg as coatings for self-cleaning surfaces and clothes

48
Q

There are possible hazards associated with the use of nanoparticles they mayb :

A

Be breathed in, absorbed through the skin or transported into cells

Take a long time to break down

Attract toxic substances to their surfaces

The risks to health and the environment may be difficult to predict and to measure

49
Q

General properties o glass ceramics

A 
Transparent
Hard but brittle 
Poor conductors of heat and electricty 
Window glass 
Bottles
50
Q

General properties of clay ceramics

A 
Opaque 
Hard but brittle 
Poor conductors of heat and electricity 
Bricks 
China 
Porcelain
51
Q

General properties of polymers

A

Transparent -> translucent -> opaque

Poor conductors of heat and electricty m

Often tough and ductile

Bottles crates carrier bags

52
Q

General Properties of metals

A

Can be polished to a shine
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Hard tough and ductile
Cars bridges

53
Q

Define brittle

A

Will crack or break when hit

54
Q

Define brittle

A

Will crack or break when hit

55
Q

Define tough

A

Resists cracking and breaking

56
Q

Define ductile

A

Can be bent, twisted or stretched without cracking or breaking

CHEMISTRY (15 decks)

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