Topic 11 Flashcards

1
Q

define utilty

A

the enjoyment or satisfaction people receive from consuming goods and services or from having the opportunity to consume (wealth)

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2
Q

what are a few assumptions of traditional consume theory

A

people seek to maximise utility
people are rational as they make choices that align with utility maximisation. (full info, perfect foresight, able to process info and act in self interest)

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3
Q

what is diminishing marginal utility of consumption

A

utility decreases when consumption increases but at a DECREASING RATE

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4
Q

define marginal utility and state when utility is maximized, when MU is greatest and when MU is smallest

A

change in utility from the last unit consumed. Eventually MU approaches 0 or goes from being pos to negative.
Maximised when MU of last unit consumed = 0 or just before it becomes negative
MU greatest for first unit
MU smallest for last unit

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5
Q

how is MU applied in reality. what do economists care

A

economists are concerned with how people choose between alternative consumption bundles with constrained resources (income) and therefore constrained choices as they must allocate resources across g/s each of which yield specific utilities which diminish at specific rates

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6
Q

when is MU allocatively efficiency

A

income should be allocated where they yeild the greatest MU per dollar spent

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7
Q

define consumer equilibrium and write down the formula

A

where utility is maximised given the budget constraints. Occurs when MU per dollar spent is the same for all goods or alternatively when ratio of MUs = ratio of price

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8
Q

what is the MRS (ratio of MUs) and what does it represent

A

the rate at which you’d be willing to swap one good for another at a particular price point in time (ignoring prices). Represents needs, wants, benefit, utility and preferences which change with consumption

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9
Q

what is the ratio of prices and what does it represent

A

price of one good expressed in terms of another or how many you’ll give up of one to get the other. represents costs (does not change with C)

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10
Q

what do behavioural economists believes

A

economic behaviour is based on a set of assumptions about how the representative (rational) individuals make choices, deal with uncertainty and respond to incentive

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11
Q

what are 7 conclusions from behavioural economics

A
  1. Loss Aversion: People avoid the risk of losses as it is greater than bliss of equal gain
  2. Endowment Effect: property rights increases value to people
  3. Monetary Rewards: don’t always increase effort/performance (psycho)
  4. Framing Effects: people’s preferences are influenced by how they are presented
  5. Peak End Rule: experiences is most affected by peak of sensation and sensation at end of experience.
  6. Hyperbolic Discounting: any delay of pleasure from now is costly but indifferent in a few days.
  7. Preferences for Fairness: peoples value fairness even if they are worse off
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12
Q

describe what a nudge policy is

A

policy designed to structure choices so that people make right choice. They don’t impose restriction only incentive

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